Immuno 9: Immune Modulation Therapies 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Clonal expansion in T cells?

A

If an antigen is presented to a T cell receptor which has high specificity for it, the T cell proliferates and differentiates into T helper, Cytotoxic and memory cells

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2
Q

List 3 vaccines given to the elderly aged over 65?

A

Pneumococcal vaccine (Pneum PPV)
Flu vaccine
Shingles

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3
Q

Describe clonal expansion in B cells ?

A

If the B cell receptor has high specificity for the antigen presented, the B cell will become activated and undergo proliferation and differentiation into IgM secreting plasma cells and B memory cells

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4
Q

Where do B cells undergo Isotype switching ?

A

Germinal centres

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5
Q

Where do plasma cells reside ?

A

Bone marrow

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6
Q

which bacteria is in the BCG vaccine ?

A

Bovine tuberculosis

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7
Q

Give 3 examples of live attenuated vaccines ?

A

MMR
Yellow fever
Typhoid

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8
Q

Give 2 examples of Toxoid vaccines (Inactive toxins) ?

A

Diphtheria

Tetanus

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9
Q

Give 3 examples of subunit vaccines ?

A

Hep B (HBsAG)
HPV (capsid)
Influenza (HA)

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10
Q

Give one advantage of a life vaccine compared to a component/inactivated vaccine ?

A

Longer lasting immunity (life long)

Immunity is broader (protects against more strains)

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11
Q

Give an advantage of a component/inactivated vaccine compared to a live vaccine ?

A

Can be given to immunocompromised patients

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12
Q

Give 3 examples of conjugate vaccines ?

A

HiB (haemophilus influenza B)
Meningococcus
Pneumococcus

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13
Q

List 2 indications for Haematopoeitic stem cell transplantation ?

A

SCID

Haematological malignancy

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14
Q

List 3 primary immunodeficiency diseases in which Antibody replacement (pool of antibodies to variety of organisms) is indicated ?

A

Bruton’s X-linked agammaglobulinaemia
X-linked hyper IgM syndrome
Common variable immunodeficiency

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15
Q

In which 2 Haematological malignancies is Antibody replacement indicated ?

A

CLL

Multiple myeloma

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16
Q

List 3 diseases in which IgG immunoglobulin therapy can be used ?

A

Shingles infection (varicella zoster)
Rabies (post exposure)
Hepatitis B

17
Q

Give one example of an infection in which adoptive cell transfer (ACT) can be used to infuse a donor’s T cells ?

A

EBV infection in immunocompromised patients.

T cells from a donor are isolated and exposed to EBV antigen to stimulate Clonal expansion of specific T cells. These T cells are infused into the immunocompromised recipient to treat EBV infection.

18
Q

How does Ipilimumab work in treatment of advanced melanoma ?

A

Ipilimumab blocks CTLA4 which is an inhibitory receptor on T cells
This causes increased T cell activation and boosts the immune response

T cells have CD28 (activator receptor) and CTLA4 (inhibitory receptor).
CD80 and CD86 on APCs can bind to either to activate/inhibit T cells

19
Q

How does Pembrolizumab and nivolumab work in the treatment of advanced melanoma ?

A

They inhibit PD-1 receptors on T cells.
This causes increased T cell activation because PD-1 is an inhibitory pathway.

PD-1 receptors on T cells cause an inhibition of T cells when activated by PD-ligand 1 or 2 on APC or tumour cells

20
Q

What side effects are more common in patients receiving monoclonal antibodies for advanced melanoma ?

A

Auto-immune diseases (arthritis, thyroid disease, Diabetes)

Because the T cell response is over stimulated

21
Q

Match up the recombinant cytokine treatment with the disease that they are used in ?

IFN alpha Chronic granulomatous disease
IFN beta Hepatitis B
IFN gamma Behçet’s disease

A

IFN alpha Hepatitis B
IFN beta Behcet’s disease
IFN gamma Chronic granulomatous disease