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Anatomy > The Cell Cycle > Flashcards

The Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main stages of the cell cycle?

A

interphase and mitotic phase

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2
Q

what are the stages within interphase?

A

G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase

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3
Q

what are the stages within the mitotic phase?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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4
Q

interphase

A
  • resting between cell division (which is a non-mitotic phase)
  • very active
  • gearing up for mitotic phase
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5
Q

G1 phase

A
  • normal cellular activities
  • normal cell growth
  • normal duplication of organelles
  • protein synthesis
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6
Q

S phase

A
  • DNA replication occurs

- most vulnerable phase (which can cause DNA damage since replication of DNA occurs during this stage)

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7
Q

G2 phase

A

-synthesis of protein and microtubules (in the centriole)

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8
Q

mitotic phase

A
  • nuclear division

- cytokinesis: cytoplasmic division

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9
Q

what are some possible fates of mitotic products (daughter cells)?

A
  • differentiate (specialize) –> age –> die
  • rest as an “uncommitted” cell
  • enter a new cell cycle immediately (which has a rapid mitotic rate)
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10
Q

what two things vary with cell type?

A
  • the capacity to grow and divide

- the rate at which these processes occur

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11
Q

what are the three main cell categories?

A
  • cells that are extremely specialized and have lost their ability to divide
  • cells that normally do not divide, but can be induced to do so by a stimulus
  • cells which continuously undergo cell division
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12
Q

what are cells with a high mitotic rate subject to?

A

destruction, irritation, and friction

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13
Q

what are some types of cells that are extremely specialized and have lost their ability to divide? and why?

A
  • red blood cells (matured only) (since it has no nucleus)
  • neuron (nerve cell) (bc there’s no centrioles)
  • muscle cell (cell may increase in size, not in number)
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14
Q

what are some types of cells that normally do not divide but can be induced to do so by a stimulus?

A
  • liver cells

- lymphocytes (white blood cells)

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15
Q

what are some types of cells which continuously undergo cell division?

A
  • skin (constantly replaced)
  • cells of the intestinal lining
  • bone marrow cells
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16
Q

what does it mean when cells are continuously undergoing cell division?

A
  • it means that they’re flipping through the S phase
  • more chances for error in genetic replication
  • may lead to mutations
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17
Q

chromosome

A
  • dark- staining, thread-like body in the nucleus
  • composed of DNA and protein
  • contains genetic information
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18
Q

chromatid

A
  • duplicated chromosome

- hooked together through centromere

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19
Q

gene

A

unit of DNA that provides the instructions for the production of a specific protein

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20
Q

centriole

A
  • composed of microtubules
  • 2 cylindrical structures
  • serves as ongoing center for the mitotic spindle
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21
Q

mitotic spindle composition

A

composed of microtubules

22
Q

karyotype

A
  • the number and type of chromosomes an individual has
23
Q

what do the amount of autosomes you have determine?

A

how well controlled the body structure and metabolism is

24
Q

how many chromosomes and autosomes does a normal karyotype have?

A
  • 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total)
  • 22 pairs of autosomes
    • -> one is a sex chromosome
25
Q

autosome

A

-any chromosome that isn’t a sex chromosome

26
Q

what is the female’s chromosome letters?

A

XX

27
Q

what is the male’s chromosome letters?

A

XY

28
Q

prophase

A
  • nuclear membrane disappears
  • chromosomes become condensed
  • centrioles migrate to opposite poles of the cell
  • chromosomes split
29
Q

metaphase

A

-the paired chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell

30
Q

anaphase

A

-the chromosomes separate and migrate to opposite sides of the cell

31
Q

telophase

A
  • the nucleus divides into two identical cells that have the same composition of DNA
  • cytokinesis occurs
32
Q

what happens during cytokinesis?

A
  • two cells split

- results in two daughter cells

33
Q

key features of mitosis

A
  • occurs in most cells body
  • results in two daughter cells
  • daughter cells contain DNA identical to parent cell
  • each has 23 pairs of chromosomes = 46 total (diploid, 2n)
34
Q

key features of meiosis

A
  • occurs in “sex cells” located in the gonads
  • results in four daughter cells
  • daughter cells contain half the DNA content of parent cell - 23 total chromosomes (haploid, n)
35
Q

gonads

A

an organ that produces gametes

Ex: ovary and testes

36
Q

why would a cell need to adapt?

A
  • in response to stimuli (ex: hormones)

- injury (ex: mechanical friction)

37
Q

what are some examples of cellular adaptations?

A
  • hypertrophy
  • atrophy
  • hyperplasia
  • metaplasia
  • neoplasm
38
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in size of cells

39
Q

hypertrophy example

A

muscle cells

40
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in size of cells (not trophy)

41
Q

atrophy example

A
  • muscle reduction

- after a cast is taken off due to lack of use

42
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in mitotic activity and number of cells

43
Q

metaplasia

A

changes in cell in response to disease or chronic irritation which results in the transformation of the cell into a different cell type

44
Q

metaplasia example

A

cells start to transform as a result to vaping

45
Q

hyperplasia example

A

increase in the size of breasts during pregnancy

46
Q

neoplasm

A
  • “new cell mass”

- rapid multiplication (abnormal)

47
Q

benign neoplasm example

A

benign skin tumor; skin lesions

48
Q

malignant neoplasm example

A

cancer

49
Q

neuron

A

sends information between regions of the brain

50
Q

what are liver cells also known as

A

hepatocytes

Anatomy (41 decks)

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