Respiratory System II

Question 1

lung medial surface

Answer 1

-region where pulmonary vessels and bronchi pass into lung tissue

Question 2

lung costal surface

Answer 2

-in contact with ribs; anterior surface

Question 3

lung apex surface**

Answer 3

-extends above clavicle; superior

Question 4

lung base surface

Answer 4

• inferior; concave

- fits over convex dome of diaphragm

Question 5

pleura of lungs

Answer 5

• double-walled sac
• encloses and protects lungs
• composed of serous membrane

Question 6

visceral pleural

Answer 6

-adheres directly to the surface of lung

Question 7

parietal pleura

Answer 7

-lines the walls of thoracic cavity

Question 8

pleural cavity

Answer 8

-space btwn visceral and parietal pleural membranes which contains pleural fluid for lubrication

Question 9

midclavicular line at lung and pleura level

Answer 9

• lung level: rib 6

- pleura level: rib 8

Question 10

midaxillary line at lung and pleura level

Answer 10

• lung level: rib 8

- pleura level: rib 10

Question 11

midscapular line at lung and pleura level

Answer 11

• lung level: rib 10

- pleura level: rib 12

Question 12

right lung components

Answer 12

-3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)

Question 13

left lung components

Answer 13

-2 lobes (superior and inferior)

Question 14

what are bronchopulmonary segments supplied by?

Answer 14

• tertiary bronchus
• pulmonary arteriole
• pulmonary venule

Question 15

alveoli composition

Answer 15

• simple squamous cells of alveolar wall

- surrounded by a capillary network and venules

Question 16

the respiratory membrane where air exchange occurs is composed of what?

Answer 16

• type I cells: simple squamous cells of alveoli

- simple squamous cell of capillary

Question 17

alveolar membrane components

Answer 17

• macrophages

- type II cells

Question 18

macrophages

Answer 18

-responsible for the removal of dust and other debris

Question 19

type II cells**

Answer 19

-specialized cells that secrete surfactant

Question 20

surfactant

Answer 20

• lowers the surface tension in alveoli

- helps them recoil (return to original size)

Question 21

what are the muscles of respiration?

Answer 21

• diaphragm

- intercostal muscles

Question 22

diaphragm**

Answer 22

• thin, dome shaped sheet of skeletal muscle
• separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
• supplied by phrenic nerve which originates from C3, C4,C5 (C3, 4, 5 keep you alive)

Question 23

intercostal muscles

Answer 23

• located btwn ribs in intercostal spaces

- internal and external layers of skeletal muscles help alter size of thoracic cavity

Question 24

where does air flow from?

Answer 24

• region of higher pressure to lower pressure

- it’ll flow until pressure in lungs equals atmospheric pressure

Question 25

how is air flow accomplished?

Answer 25

• inspiration(movement of air into lungs)

- expiration (movement of air out of lungs)

Question 26

inspiration

Answer 26

• contraction of diaphragm flattens/lowers dome

- contraction of external intercostals elevation of ribs (ribs move up & out)

Question 27

expiration components

Answer 27

• passive elastic recoil (muscles relax)

- forced expiration

Question 28

passive elastic recoil

Answer 28

1. relaxation of skeletal muscle of diaphragm (it rises)
2. relaxation of internal intercostals (moves down and inward)
3. results in dec vertical dimension of thoracic cavity (in pressure and air moves out)

Question 29

forced expiration

Answer 29

1. abdominal muscles contract
2. pushes organs and diaphragm upward further
3. dec. size of thoracic cavity to fore more air out

Question 30

what controls breathing?

Answer 30

• nervous system

- peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 31

nervous system controlling breathing function

Answer 31

• respiratory centers in brainstem (pons and medulla)
• hypothalamus sends input to ^
• CNS & PNS motor neurons control contraction of diaphragm & intercostal muscles
• baroreceptors of lung respond to pressure charges, stretch

Question 32

peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 32

• carotid body (near bifurcation of common carotid)
• aortic bodies (aortic arch)
  
  • -> response to changes in pH (due to CO2 levels)
  • ->CN IX and X transmit message to brainstem