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Anatomy > Muscle Histology > Flashcards

Muscle Histology Flashcards

1
Q

function of muscle

A
  • motion and stability
  • internal organ function
  • maintains body temperature
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2
Q

motion and stability muscle function

A
  • moves skeleton

- maintains posture

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3
Q

internal organ muscle function

A
  • digestive (peristalsis)

- cardiac (heartbeat)

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4
Q

maintaining body temperature function

A

-muscle contraction (normal body temperature)

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5
Q

characteristics of muscle

A
  • irritability
  • contractility
  • extensibility
  • elasticity
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6
Q

irritability muscle characteristic

A

-receive and respond to stimulus from a neuron

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7
Q

contractility muscle characteristic

A

-respond by contracting (shortening)

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8
Q

extensibility muscle characteristic

A

-following contraction

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9
Q

define contraction

A

-a muscle will extend to its original length

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10
Q

elasticity muscle characteristic

A

-muscle will assume its desired shape after stretching

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11
Q

structure of muscle tissue

A
  • composed of fibers

- fibers contain “contractile proteins”

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12
Q

muscle tissue fiber composition

A

-long, thing cells of muscle tissue

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13
Q

muscle tissue contractile proteins

A
  • actin and myosin

- cells can shorten and produce movement

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14
Q

classifications of muscle

A
  • skeletal
  • smooth
  • cardiac
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15
Q

skeletal muscle classification

A
  • long multinucleated and striated
  • attached to skeleton
  • voluntary (under conscious control)
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16
Q

smooth muscle classification

A
  • composed of long cells containing one nucleus
  • found in GI tract and blood vessel walls
  • involuntary (not under conscious control)
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17
Q

cardiac muscle classification

A
  • composed of uni-nucleated branching cells; end-to-end
  • found only in heart
  • involuntary
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18
Q

skeletal muscle components

A
  • associated connective tissue
  • microscopic structure
  • muscle contraction
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19
Q

skeletal muscle associated CT components

A
  • attachments

- coverings

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20
Q

skeletal muscle attachments components

A
  • tendons

- aponeurosis

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21
Q

skeletal muscle tendon attachments

A
  • dense regular connective tissue

- muscle to bone

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22
Q

skeletal muscle aponeurosis

A
  • dense regular connective tissue

- thin, tendinous sheet

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23
Q

skeletal muscle coverings components

A
  • endomysium
  • perimysium
  • epimysium
  • fascia
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24
Q

skeletal muscle covering composition

A
  • organization of muscle

- tubes within tubes within tubes

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25
Q

define fascicle

A

-made of muscle cells (fibers)

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26
Q

skeletal muscle endomysium covering

A

-loose CT covering individual muscle fibers (muscle cells)

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27
Q

skeletal muscle perimysium covering

A

-surrounds bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles)

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28
Q

skeletal muscle epimysium covering

A

-covers entire muscle belly

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29
Q

skeletal muscle fascia covering

A

-CT which binds several muscle groups together

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30
Q

define a muscle fiber

A

-a single skeletal muscle cell

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31
Q

skeletal muscle microscopic characteristics

A
  • multinucleated

- contain numerous specialized cellular organelles

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32
Q

skeletal muscle microscopic structure components

A
  • sarcoplasm
  • sarcolemma
  • t-tubule
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • mitochondria
  • myofibril
  • myofilament
  • myoglobin
  • sarcomere
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33
Q

skeletal muscle sarcoplasm

A

-cytoplasm within muscle cells

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34
Q

skeletal muscle sarcolemma

A
  • plasmalemma (cell membrane)

- just deep to endomysium

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35
Q

skeletal muscle t-tubule

A
  • tube-like extension of sarcolemma

- transmits nerve impulse to sarcoplasmic reticulum

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36
Q

skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum

A
  • basically smooth ER of muscle
  • stores a large amounts of calcium
  • when releases calcium triggers contraction
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37
Q

skeletal muscle mitochondria

A
  • provide energy (ATP) via aerobic respiration

- ATP provides the energy to allow myosin to form crossbridges with the actin

38
Q

skeletal muscle myofibril

A

-“contractile organelles”

39
Q

skeletal muscle myofilament

A
  • in myofibrils

- contain contractile proteins

40
Q

skeletal muscle myoglobin

A

-red protein: contains iron, stores oxygen

41
Q

skeletal muscle sarcomere

A
  • many sarcomeres within myofibrils
  • smallest contractile unit
  • extends from Z band to Z band
42
Q

define contractile organelles

A

-cylindrical units run entire length of muscle

43
Q

components of myofilaments

A
  • actin filaments

- myosin filaments

44
Q

skeletal muscle actin filaments

A
  • thin filaments

- closer to each end of sarcomere (near each Z line)

45
Q

skeletal muscle myosin filaments

A
  • thick filaments
  • center of the sarcomere
  • pulls actin inward (Z lines contracts)
46
Q

skeletal muscle muscle contraction I band

A
  • light band
  • contains actin
  • Z band located in the middle of the I band
47
Q

skeletal muscle contraction A band

A
  • dark band

- contains both actin and myosin

48
Q

skeletal muscle sliding filament mechanism

A
  • initiated by the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from a nerve fiber**
  • results in the release of calcium within the muscle fiber which binds to the thin actin filaments
49
Q

innervations of skeletal muscle

A
  • neuromuscular junction

- motor unit

50
Q

skeletal muscle neuromuscular junction

A

-point of contact between muscle fiber and axon of neuron which stimulates it

51
Q

skeletal muscle motor unit “all or nothing” principle

A

-when a nerve impulse travels through a motor unit all of the fibers served by it contracts simultaneously to their maximum

52
Q

first step in muscle excitation

A

-motor neuron releases neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh)

53
Q

second step in muscle excitation

A

-ACh triggers action potential in sarcolemma (muscle cell membrane

54
Q

third step in muscle excitation

A

-change in sarcolemma–> release of calcium ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum

55
Q

fourth step in muscle excitation

A

-sarcomeres shorten–> myofibrils shorten–> muscle fibers shorten–> muscle contract

56
Q

types of muscle fibers

A
  • red slow twitch fibers
  • white fast twitch fibers
  • intermediate fast twitch fibers
57
Q

myoglobin muscle fibers red slow twitch fibers

A

-high

58
Q

myoglobin muscle fibers white fast twitch fibers

A

-little

59
Q

myoglobin muscle fibers intermediate fast twitch fibers

A

-high

60
Q

mitochondria muscle fibers red slow twitch fibers

A

-many

61
Q

mitochondria muscle fibers white fast twitch fibers

A

-few

62
Q

mitochondria muscle fibers intermediate fast twitch fibers

A

-many

63
Q

capillaries muscle fibers red slow twitch fibers

A

-many

64
Q

capillaries muscle fibers white fast twitch fibers

A

-few

65
Q

capillaries muscle fibers intermediate fast twitch fibers

A

-nany

66
Q

what is the function of capillaries?

A

-deliver blood and oxygen

67
Q

energy production muscle fibers red slow twitch fibers

A

-aerobic metabolism for ATP production

68
Q

energy production muscle fibers white fast twitch fibers

A
  • anaerobic pathways for ATP production

- ->lactic acid is by-product

69
Q

energy production muscle fibers intermediate fast twitch fibers

A

-aerobic

70
Q

glycogen reserves muscle fibers red slow twitch fibers

A

-none

71
Q

glycogen reserves muscle fibers white fast twitch fibers

A

-ranges

72
Q

glycogen reserves muscle fibers intermediate fast twitch fibers

A

-N/A

73
Q

power muscle fibers red slow twitch fibers

A
  • high power

- sustained over a long period of time

74
Q

power muscle fibers white fast twitch fibers

A

-generates powerful contraction

75
Q

power muscle fibers intermediate fast twitch fibers

A

-powerful (less than white fast twitch)

76
Q

fatigue muscle fibers red slow twitch fibers

A

-fatigue resistant

77
Q

fatigue muscle fibers white fast twitch fibers

A

-quickly

78
Q

fatigue muscle fibers intermediate fast twitch fibers

A

-fatigue resistant (between red and white)

79
Q

contraction time muscle fibers red slow twitch fibers

A

-contrast slowly for long periods of time

80
Q

contraction time muscle fibers white fast twitch fibers

A

-fast contraction time

81
Q

contraction time muscle fibers intermediate fast twitch fibers

A

-between red and white

82
Q

examples of red slow twitch fibers

A

-posture (steady, prolonged contraction)

83
Q

examples of white fast twitch fibers

A
  • eye movement
  • lifting
  • throwing
84
Q

examples of intermediate fast twitch fibers

A

-muscles of lower limbs (support and movement)

85
Q

synergistic

A

-two or more muscles working together

86
Q

antagonistic

A

-two or more muscles working against one another

87
Q

concentric contraction

A
  • causes tension on your muscle

- as it shortens, it generates enough force to move an object

88
Q

concentric contraction example

A
  • bicep curl

- lifting a weight

89
Q

eccentric contraction

A

-motion of an active muscle while it is lengthening under load

90
Q

eccentric contraction example

A

-lowering a weight

Anatomy (41 decks)

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