Proteins

Question 1

enzymes must break bonds and remove histone, revealing the _____ in DNA

Answer 1

promoter segment

Question 2

nucleosomes repeat to make

Answer 2

chromatin

Question 3

heterochromatin

Answer 3

“tight” genes off

Question 4

Euchromatin

Answer 4

genes on

Question 5

octamer consisting of two of each of

Answer 5

H2A, H2B, H3, H4 ( no H1)

Question 6

Promotor regions are located upstream of the __ end

Answer 6

5’

Question 7

2 types of transcription factors

Answer 7

gene-specific TF and general TF ( which are required to activate all genes)

Question 8

what happened in CREM- mutant mice?

Answer 8

Spermatogenesis deficiency

Question 9

exons vs introns

Answer 9

exons are the ones that get expressed

Question 10

Epithelial cells attach to the

Answer 10

basal lamina ( cellular matrix layer that is secreted by the epithelial cells)

Question 11

what characteristics to transporting epithelia have?

Answer 11

thicker, membrane mods, cell junctions and mitochondria

• to regulate ion exchange selectively
• absorption and secretion

Question 12

exocrine vs endocrine?

Answer 12

exocrine glands–> release into external environment ( release into ducts) whereas endocrine is into the bloodstream

Question 13

what is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 13

defective epithelial ion transport of chloride and sodium in exocrine tissues that leads to thick secretions in the lungs liver pancreas and reproductive tract and increased salt in sweat glands

Question 14

genetic and molecular causes of CF?

Answer 14

• faulty gene on chromosome 7
• malfunction of the gene coding for the CF- transmembrane conductance regulator leads to defective cAMP-activated chloride and sodium channel that is on the surface of many cells

Question 15

why does the mucus get dehydrated?

Answer 15

NaCl becomes trapped in the cell and pulls water in

Question 16

patients with CF suffer from

Answer 16

multi systemic disease

Question 17

what are the chances of a child with both parents having CF to pass it to their children

Answer 17

1/4

Question 18

genetic screening says that there are over ____ mutations associated with CF

Answer 18

1100

Question 19

high levels of salt are in the _____ fluid

Answer 19

intracellular fluid

Question 20

Chloride and salt ions are trapped inside or out?

Answer 20

INSIDE so this ultimately leads to failure of water to leave the cell and then enhanced mucus secretion with no water to dilute it– thick and sticky