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Mammalian Physiology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

how does respiratory tract know when to breath

A

sensory input: the pneumotaxic centre and apneustic centre of the pons receive signal from the chemo receptors, relay to medullary rhythmicity area and the cerebral cortex can override the automatic control of breathing

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2
Q

function include

A

external respiration
transport of gases by blood
internal respiration
regulation of respiration

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3
Q

2 divisions

A

upper and lower tracts

and accessory structures

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4
Q

upper tract

A

nasal, esophagus pharynx

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5
Q

lower

A

lungs, trachea, larynx, bronchial tree

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6
Q

muscles of inspiration

A

external intercostals
scalene
sternocleidomastoids

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7
Q

muscles of expiration

A

abdominal muscles and internal intercostals

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8
Q

cleft palate casues

A

genetic and non-genetic

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9
Q

what provides a large mucus-covered surface over which the air must travel in the nose

A

the turbinates

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10
Q

connects the upper and lower airways

A

pharynx

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11
Q

nasopharynx

A

top, closest to nose

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12
Q

oropharynx

A

by mouth

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13
Q

laryngopharynx

A

last bottom portion of the pharynx , right before getting to the larynx

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14
Q

accessory structures

A

oral cavities, rib cage and diaphragm

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15
Q

connects the larynx to the bronchi

A

trachea ( windpipe)

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16
Q

trachea

A

smooth muscle in which cartilage C rings are embedded

- connects the larynx to the bronchi

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17
Q

the brachial walls have ____ layers? what are they?

A

3 layers: epithelial, SM. and CT

  • goblet and ciliated cells
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18
Q

pharynx

A

cone-shaped passage way leading the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the esophagus and the larynx

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19
Q

the pharynx serves both ____ and _____ functions

A

digestive and respiratory

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20
Q

epiglottis

A

a flap that covers the passage of food from the lungs

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21
Q

larynx

A

called the voice box

  • between the pharynx and the trachea
  • pharynx splits into esophagus and the larynx
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22
Q

primary gas exchangers

A

alveoli

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23
Q

what are alveoli

A

bronchioles subdivided to form tiny tube called alveolar ducts, which end in clusters of alveoli called alveolar sacs

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24
Q

pores of kohn

A

discrete holes in the walls of adjacent alveoli

  • provide for collateral ventilation ( ventilation of alveoli via pathways that bypass oral airways)
  • may describe why diseases spreads quick in lungs
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25
Q

contraction of the diaphragm

A

inspiration

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26
Q

during inspiration, the intra-alveolar pressure _____

A

decreases, so that air flows into the lungs

- diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing thoracic volume

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27
Q

gas / air will travel o area with _____ pressure?

A

lower

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28
Q

how is pressure gradient established in the lungs

A

thoracic cavity volume / size

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29
Q

expansion of the thorax and downward movement of diaphragm, decreases _____ pressure, leading to a decrease in _____ pressure

A

intra pleural pressure, alveolar pressure

30
Q

in the jar and ballon model what does the space inside represent

A

the intrapleural space

31
Q

surfactant

A

acts to decrease the attraction between water and molecules

  • it is a lipoprotein
  • on the surface of the alveolus
  • they intersperse themselves between water molecules and therefore promote the expansion of the lungs
  • if no there- water mols would clump together and shrink the alveolus
32
Q

type 1 alveolar cells vs type 2

A

type 1 most abundant- gas exchange

type 2- produces surfactant

33
Q

what factors determine the amount of O2 going into the blood

A

surface area (the total functional surface area of the respiratory membrane), respiratory volume, alveolar ventilation

34
Q

structural factors that help facilities blood taking up oxygen

A

only a thing layer of blood goes through capilaries, so that each RBC comes in contact with O2, large SA, thin walls of alveoli and capillaries

35
Q

negative feedback of respiration

A

high P CO2 is detected by chemoreceptors in brain and in heart, signal to efferent muscles to increase contractions

36
Q

medullary rhythmicity center

A

sensors from the nervous system provide feedback to the medullary rhythmicity center
- influcened by changes in P o2, pCo2, and pH

37
Q

a decrease in blood pH …

A

means less co2, stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors to slow breathing

38
Q

emphysema

A

when walls of alveoli are torn and cannot be repaired- alveoli fuse into large air spaces

39
Q

asthma

A

hyperinflation of alveoli, mucus and smooth muscle constriction –> restricted airway

40
Q

cerebral cortex role in breathing

A

voluntary –> when doing yoga

increases or decreases strength of respiration

41
Q

apneustic center

A

long deep breaths and control intesity and is inhibited by stretch receptors of pulmonary muscles
- stops over expansion of lungs

42
Q

respiration

A

basal rate maintains by brain stem, but we can over ride this with cerebral cortex

43
Q

pneumotaxic center

A

inhibit respiration

cause us to exhale

44
Q

theses centres are controlled by

A

signals that monitor chemical composition of blood

- chemoreceptors in heart ad brain

45
Q

medullary rhythmicity center

A

totally subconsciously

vRG- ventral rhythmic –> exhalation
dorsal–> inspiration

46
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

stimulates diaphragm

47
Q

VRG

A

exhalation

48
Q

DRG

A

inhalation

49
Q

skeletal muscle in diaphragm

A

allows us to control through cerebral cortex

50
Q

where are chemoreceptors found?

A

aortic sinus and carotid bodies

51
Q

is larynx part of lower or upper tract

A

lower

52
Q

right side

A

3 lobes

53
Q

left side

A

2 lobes

54
Q

farther from trachea, you get more ___ and less____

A

more smooth muscle less cartilage

55
Q

external intercostals for

A

inhalation, along with diaphragm

56
Q

internal intercostals

A

exhalation

57
Q

nose function

A

preconditioning air (warming the air and humidifying it)

  • mucus
  • protect lower tract
58
Q

cleft patate

A
  • neural tube defeat
  • failure to close of palatial bone
  • genetic and non-genetic forms
59
Q

what can prevent cleft palate?

A

folic acid

60
Q

turbinate in nose function

A

moistens air - creates turbulence

61
Q

Eustachian tube

A

what gets block on airplane bc change in pressure

62
Q

sound production

A

mainly the larynx but pharynx can help too

63
Q

psedo-stratified epithelium in trachea

A

are ciliated and have lots of goblet cells

64
Q

smokers cough

A

no cilia, so mucus production - wet cough

65
Q

which cell form alveolar wall?

A

type 1 phnemocytes

66
Q

increase in volume

A

decrease in pressure

67
Q

2 pleural membranes

A

parietal in contact with the diaphragm

and the visceral one is inside

68
Q

what causes intra pleural pressure

A

drop in parietal membrane attached to diaphragm, cause stretch, drop in intra pleural pressure

69
Q

ballon represents

A

visceral pleural

70
Q

if the pH drops it means?

A

co2 increases pH drops (acidity increases)

CO2 + h2O–> carbonic acid –> bicarbonate acid and H+

Mammalian Physiology (17 decks)

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