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Mammalian Physiology > Endocrinology- lecture 4 > Flashcards

Endocrinology- lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

which 2 systems are intimately connected to maintain homeostasis

A

endocrine and nervous (neuroendocrine)

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2
Q

differences between nervous and endocrine

A

nervous–> each nerve cell terminates on a specific target ( wired)
- rapid and short lived effects
- can only stimulate muscles and glands across a synapse
endocrine–> wireless
- can access most tissues and cells ( not just muscle and glands)
- slower and longer lived

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3
Q

Neural specificity is due to ____ proximity

A

anatomic

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4
Q

endocrine glands are ______ glands, made of __________ white cells manufacture and secrete hormones

A

Ductless glands,

Glandular epithelium

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5
Q

endocrine vs exocrine

A

endocrine secrete hormones into the blood and have no ducts; whereas exocrine secrete products from ducts such as tear ducts and sweat glands

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6
Q

there are a few endocrine glands that secrete chemical messengers into the bloodstream that are made from?

A

neurosecretory tissue

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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

master gland

  • receives input and acts accordingly
  • it controls the release of hormones in the anterior pituitary through releasing and inhibiting factors
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8
Q

what does TSH do?

what gland releases it?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone tells the thyroid cells to produce thyroxine (T4) and T3
- Anterior pituitary gland

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9
Q

ACTH- adrenocorticotropic hormones ? from where?

A

stimulates cortisol secretion from adrenal cortex and comes from the AP gland

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10
Q

Growth hormone ? and from where?

A

anterior pituitary gland

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11
Q

FSH- follicle-stimulating hormone and LH- luteinizing hormone, from what gland?

A

act on gonads, growth of follicles, ovulation - from AP

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12
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

from AP gland and used form milk synthesis

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13
Q

MSH- melanocyte stimulating hormone is from what gland?

A

from AP gland

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14
Q

what hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

A

Vasopressin ( anti-diuretic) and Oxytocin ( milk let down)

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15
Q

what does the pineal gland produce?

A

Melatonin

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16
Q

what does thyroid gland produce?

A

T3 and T4 (thyroxine), calcitonin

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17
Q

Adrenal cortex gland produces?

A
  • mineralocorticoids ex. aldosterone ( acts on kidneys to conserve salt, to retain water)
  • corticosteroids such as cortisol
  • androgens ex. DHEA (sex steroids)
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18
Q

Adrenal medulla gland produces?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine- stress adaptation

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19
Q

Pancreas gland produces?

A

insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

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20
Q

Gonads gland produces?

A

testosterone and estrogen and progesterone

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21
Q

what is graves disease?

A

most common form of hyperthyroidism
- an immune system protein mimics TSH (autoimmune disease- meaning that the body thinks it is under attack by itself)
-

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22
Q

2 hydrophilic hormones are?

A

insulin and catecholamine ( adrenal hormones) epinephrine

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23
Q

which hormones are lipophilic?

A

thyroid hormones and steroids ( cortisol and sex hormones)

24
Q

Tropic hormones are hormones that _________

A

target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion of other hormones. for example ACTH ( which comes from the AP gland) and targets the adrenal cortex to release cortisol

25
Q

Anabolic hormones stimulate?

A

anabolism ( to build) in target cells such as testosterone stimulating protein synthesis and the building of muscle

26
Q

all hormones are transported in the blood however they are not ______ the same way

A

transported

27
Q

Hydrophilic hormones are dissolved in the ____, lipophilic hormones are bound reversibly to _________,

A 
plamsa, 
plasma proteins ( these hormones get release by the plasma proteins when they actively signal target cells)
28
Q

difference between hydrophilic hormones and lipophilic hormones and receptors?

A

receptors on surface vs inside membrane

29
Q

Hydrophilic hormone synthesis vs lipophilic synthesis?

A

hydro- preproxhormones are made on ribosomes on the ER, Golgi convert to pro hormones and then finally become hormones ( they are peptide chains bc proteins)- released by exocytosis
lipo- enzymatic steps in modifying cholesterol in a specific cell. Only cholesterol is stored, not the lipophilic hormones ( excreted or metabolized)

30
Q

examples of non-steroids hormones

A

glycoprotein hormones,
protein hormones,
peptide hormones,
AA derivitive hormones- each derived from a single AA–> thyroid amine hormones which are made from tyrosine

31
Q

how to make tyrosine?

A

from a single tyrosine AA, add 4 molecules of iodine!

32
Q

How do hormones work?

A

they signal a cell by binding to the target cells specific receptor

33
Q

3 combined hormone actions?

A

synergism, permissiveness and antagonism

34
Q

permissiveness

A

when one hormone enables a second one to have its full effect

35
Q

antagonism hormone

A

one produces the opposite effect o the other ( ex. parathyroid to increase blood Ca2+ and calcitonin to decrease)

36
Q

how are hormones terminated?

A

they have a half life and are degraded into inactive metabolites in the liver and then excreted

37
Q

Steroid hormones regulate cells by?

A

regulating the production of certain critical proteins that will illicit the cellular response
–> this is bc they go into the cytosol, bind to receptor molecule to form hormone-receptor complex and then more to the nucleus and activates a certain gene!

38
Q

up-regulation means?

A

increased number of hormone receptors which increases the sensitivity to hormones

39
Q

down-regulation

A

decreased number of hormone receptors

40
Q

non steroid hormones usually trigger?

A

second messenger responses

41
Q

control of hormonal secretion is usually part of a ______ loop?

A

negative feedback ( either by the changes produced by its target cell or by another glands target cell rresponse

42
Q

infundibulum

A

stemlike stalk that connects pituitary to hypothalamus

43
Q

anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) targets?

A 
bone/musculoskeletal (GH)
adrenal cortex (ACTH)
Thyroid ( TSH)
Gonads-estes and ovaries (Gonadotrophic hormones)
Mammary glands (prolactin-PRL)
44
Q

posterior pituitary (also called the neurohypophysis) releases

A

oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)

45
Q

neuro-secretory cells have their bodies directly in the ____ and their axon terminals in the _______-.

A

hypothalamus

posterior pituitary

46
Q

what are the five functional types of secretory cells that exist in the adenohypophysis and what do they secrete?

A

1) somatotrophs- GH (act on musculoskeletal )
2) Corticotrophs- ACTH and MSH ( act on adrenal cortex)
3) Thyrotrophs- TSH
4) Lactotrophs- PRL
5) Gonadotrophs- LH and FSH

47
Q

Growth hormones ( what gland secretes them and what secretory cells secrete them) and what is their role?

A

secreted by somatotrophs in the adenohypophysis

  • protein anabolism to promote growth in muscle
  • lipid catabolism - which has a hyperglycaemic affect
48
Q

hyperglycemic affect of GH

A

GH and insulin have opposite effects. GH affects metabolism in 3 ways

  • promotes protein anabolism
  • lipid mobilization and catabolization
  • indirectly inhibits glucose metabolism by shifting energy use to lipid catabolism
  • this indirectly increases blood glucose
49
Q

Prolactin ( what gland secretes them and what secretory cells secrete them) and what is their role?

A

produced by lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary

- promotes development of milk

50
Q

Tropic Hormones (what gland secretes them and what secretory cells secrete them) and what is their role?

A

tropic hormones are hormones that have a stimulating effect on other endocrine glands and tend to stimulate the synthesis ad secretion of the target hormone

51
Q

What are the 4 tropic hormones produced by the adenohypophysis?

A

1) TSH
2) ACTH
3) FSH
4) LH

52
Q

FSH role?

A

in females–> acts on ovary, secretion of estrogen

in males–> maintains spermatogenesis

53
Q

LH roles?

A

in females- stimulates formation and activity of corpus luted of ovary
in males- stimulates cells in testes to develop and secrete testosterone

54
Q

Cushing disease

A

hyper secretion of cortisol

55
Q

hypo thyroid secretion

A

puffiness, slow heart rate, low bod temp, dry hair and skin

causes- iodine def, stress

56
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

loss of tissue sensitivity to insulin

Mammalian Physiology (17 decks)

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