2. Carbohydrates Flashcards
Simple sugars
3-7 carbons
3 carbons
triose
glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone
5 carbons
pentose
ribose and deoxyribose
6 carbons
hexose
glucose, fructose, galactose
Enantiomers
Structures are mirror images of each other
D sugar
OH group on the asymmetric carbon farthest from the carbonyl carbon is on the right
L sugar
OH group on the asymmetric carbon farthest from the carbonyl carbon is on the left
Alpha monosaccharide
The OH group is on the right side of the anomeric carbon in the chain and points down in the cyclic structure
Anomeric carbon
Carbon from the aldehyde or ketone group
Beta monosaccharide
The OH group is on the left side of the anomeric carbon in the open chain and points up in the cyclic sugar
What are glycosaminoglycans?
Large complexes of negatively charged unbranched hetero-polysaccharide chains
Make up extracellular matrix
What are proteoglycans?
Complexes of glycosaminoglycan chains with protein cores and protein links attached to a hyaluronic acid backbone
What are the functions of proteoglycans?
Found in connective tissue and cartilage
Elastic and resistant to compression
Maintain shapes of tissues
Bind cations and attract water into extracellular matrix
What is mucopolysaccharidoses?
Autosomal recessive disorders where there is an enzyme deficiency meaning GAGs can’t be broken down properly
GAGs accumulate in lysosomes
Hurler’s and Hunter’s syndrome
Skeletal deformities and mental retardation
What are glycoproteins?
Proteins with attached oligosaccharides
