Cell Injury 1

Question 1

pathology

Answer 1

the nature, cause and development of diseases

Question 2

study of pathology requires

Answer 2

tissue/biopsy to see cellular changes

Question 3

homeostasis

Answer 3

maintenance of constant cellular environment. Volume regulation is critical, 25% of energy is needed to regulate. Plasma membrane is critical.

Question 4

cellular adaptations

Answer 4

attempt to reach new steady state. can cause injury if unable to adapt.

Question 5

reversible changes (5)

Answer 5

hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia

Question 6

hypertrophy

Answer 6

increase in cell size/max function. cells unable to replicate. Caused by increased demand or growth hormone. increased gene expression, survival

Question 7

hyperplasia

Answer 7

increase in cell number/tissue. cells able to proliferate. does increase tissue size.

Question 8

atrophy

Answer 8

reduction in cell size, ultimately reduction in tissue/organ size. Longterm, decreased number of cells. “disuse, denervation, ischemia”

Question 9

metaplasia

Answer 9

cell type replacement, response to repeat stress. can become malignant.

Question 10

dysplasia

Answer 10

disordered cell growth/maturation. Can improve if stimulus is removed.

Question 11

what reversible changes often occur together, and what can they both be?

Answer 11

hyperplasia and hypertrophy, pathological or physiologic

Question 12

example of hypertrophy

Answer 12

hypertension/myocyte or muscle cell from exercise, myometrial smooth muscle during pregnancy, cardiac mycoses

Question 13

example of hyperplasia

Answer 13

prostatic hyperplasia, endometrial glands

Question 14

examples of atrophy

Answer 14

muscle tissues, decreased blood supply, aging, hormone changes

Question 15

examples of metaplasia

Answer 15

barettes esophagus, smoking squamous cell epithelium in smoking

Question 16

example of dysplasia

Answer 16

cervical dysplasia

Question 17

ischemic vs hypoxic injury

Answer 17

hypoxic- decreased o2 level, ischemia- decreased o2 level and decreased substrate levels (low oxygen IN THE BLOOD)

Question 18

reversible cell injury- volume

Answer 18

temporary loss of control, swelling, leakage of small molecules, influx of h20/ions

Question 19

reversible cell injury- energy

Answer 19

alterations in metabolism, decreased aerobic

Question 20

reversible cell injury- morphology

Answer 20

ER dilation, condensed mitochondria, plasma blebbing

Question 21

irreversible cell injury- volume

Answer 21

permanent loss of permeability, large molecule leakage

Question 22

irreversible cell injury- morphology

Answer 22

cytoplasmic staining, pyknosis, karyolysis, karyohexis, mitochondria gets granules, swells and ruptures

Question 23

irreversible cell injury- energy

Answer 23

uncoupled phosphoralative oxidation. increased glycogen, decreased PH, mitochondria issues

Question 24

mechanisms of injury (5)

Answer 24

aerobic respiration, mitochondria, systolic calcium levels, ROS, cell membrane, protein synthesis, genetic apparatus integrity

Question 25

ischemia/re perfusion paradox

Answer 25

some cells die after reestablished blood flow> new processes, new free radicals, calcium availability, leukocytes cause damage

Question 26

autophagy

Answer 26

self devouring of certain cellular contents, controlled by ATG genes.

Question 27

all diseases can be traced to

Answer 27

changes in normal cells

Question 28

causes of cell injury

Answer 28

oxygen deprivation, physical agent, infection, immunologic reactions, genetic derangement, nutritional imbalance

Question 29

domino effect

Answer 29

compromising one intracellular system leads to damage in the others

Question 30

what comes first, biochemical or morphological changes?

Answer 30

biochemical!

Question 31

aerobic respiration and cell injury

Answer 31

low ATP/ glyclytic depletion leads to loss of energy, can’t maintain volume regulation

Question 32

mitochondria damage and cell injury

Answer 32

MPTP pore stays open, city c leaks, triggers apoptosis

Question 33

calcium homeostasis and cell injury

Answer 33

enzyme activation can lead to protease activation and cell damage

Question 34

oxygen derived free radicals and cell injury

Answer 34

imbalance of generation vs scavanging> tissue and cell damage

Question 35

pyknosis

Answer 35

nucleus shrivels

Question 36

karyolysis

Answer 36

punctured nucleus> halo

Question 37

karyorrhexis

Answer 37

nucleus fragmented

Question 38

autophagy process

Answer 38

phagopore> autophagosome, fuse with lysosome. Degrade and reuse cellular materials