neoplasia II

Question 1

hereditary neoplasia

Answer 1

minority of cancer, less than 5%. younger, multiple tumors, mendelian syndromes

Question 2

hereditary neoplasia genes

Answer 2

SAME as sporadic cancer genes

Question 3

molecular basis of CA

Answer 3

non lethal genetic damage, mostly envioronmental, 4 gene targets

Question 4

4 gene targets of CA

Answer 4

tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, apoptosis genes, DNA repair genes

Question 5

gatekeeper genes

Answer 5

tumor suppressor, oncogenes, apoptosis

Question 6

caretaker genes

Answer 6

DNA repair

Question 7

tumor supressor genes

Answer 7

inhibit growth, essential for normal function, TWO HITS> LOSS OF FUNCTION

Question 8

examples of tumor suppressors

Answer 8

RB, BRCA, p53

Question 9

oncogenes

Answer 9

promote growth, control proliferation/differentialtion, ONE HIT> GAIN FUNCTION

Question 10

examples of oncogenes

Answer 10

able, ras, her2

Question 11

mechanisms of oncogenes

Answer 11

gene amplification (more copies, more product), gene mutation, chromosome rearrangement

Question 12

apoptosis genes

Answer 12

mult mechanisms, usually change mitochondria permeability, BCL2 ratio

Question 13

DNA repair

Answer 13

less repair, more mutations, can be inherited or aquired

Question 14

DNA repair cancers

Answer 14

blooms, XP, HNPCC (Lynch) (MMR gene)

Question 15

8 hallmarks of cancer

Answer 15

self suffiencent growth signals, insensitive to anti growth, alternative metabolism, avoid apoptosis, immortal, induce sustained angiogenesis, invade/metasitsise, evade immune.

Question 16

carcinogen steps

Answer 16

Promotion, then initiation (in that order!)

Question 17

promotion

Answer 17

reversible, conditions favor CA

Question 18

initiation

Answer 18

irreversible, non lethal genetic change in CA gene

Question 19

pathways of tumor spread

Answer 19

direct invasion, lymphatic spread, hematogenous spread, seeding of cavities

Question 20

tumor progressioon

Answer 20

local growth, invasion, mets (requires angiogenesis)

Question 21

lymphatic spread is common in

Answer 21

carcinomas

Question 22

hematogenous spread is common in

Answer 22

sarcomas

Question 23

seeding is common in

Answer 23

ovary, stomach, lobular breast, appendix, melon

Question 24

Liver is usually metastatic result of

Answer 24

colon, stomach, breast, panc, lung

Question 25

brain is usually metastatic result of

Answer 25

lung, breast, skin

Question 26

bone is usually metastatic result of

Answer 26

breast/prostate

Question 27

seeding is usually metastatic result of

Answer 27

ovarian/GI