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A+P 2 > Lecture: The Cardiac System > Flashcards

Lecture: The Cardiac System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two layers of pericardium?

A

Parietal (inner) and Visceral (outer)

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2
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary circuit?

A

Carries blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of lungs

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3
Q

What is the role of the Systemic Circuit?

A

Carries blood to and from the body

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4
Q

Blood alternates between which 2 circuits?

A

The pulmonary and the Systemic

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A
  1. Arteries 2. Veins 3. Capillaries
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6
Q

What is the role of arteries?

A

Carry blood away from the heart

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7
Q

What is the role of veins?

A

Carry blood to the heart

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8
Q

What is the role of capillaries

A

Networks between veins and arteries

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9
Q

Capillaries exchange materials between what two things?

A

Blood and Tissues

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10
Q

What materials do capillaries carry between blood and tissues?

A

dissolved gases, nutrients, wastes

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11
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

The Right and Left atria, The Right and Left ventricle

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12
Q

What occurs in the Right atrium?

A

Collects blood from the systemic circuit

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13
Q

What occurs in the Right ventricle?

A

Pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit

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14
Q

What occurs in the Left atrium?

A

Collects blood from the pulmonary circuit

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15
Q

What occurs in the Left ventricle?

A

Pumps blood to the systemic circuit

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16
Q

Where do the great veins and arteries gather?

A

The base of the heart

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17
Q

What is the ‘pointed tip’ of the heart

A

The apex

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18
Q

What surrounds the heart?

A

The pericardial sac

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19
Q

Where does the heart ‘sit’

A

Between two pleural cavities in the mediastinum

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20
Q

What is the ‘outer’ layer of the pericardium?

A

The parietal pericardium

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21
Q

What is the ‘inner’ layer of the pericardium?

A

The Visceral pericardium

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22
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity?

A

Between the visceral layers

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23
Q

Where is the pericardial fluid?

A

Inside the pericardial cavity

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24
Q

What is the purpose of pericardial fluid?

A

To prevent friction on the heart as it pumps

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25
Q

What is the pericardial sac made of?

A

Fibrous Sac

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26
Q

What qualities differentiate the cardiac muscle?

A
  1. It is branched 2. It contains intercalated disks 3.
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27
Q

Which part of the heart has THIN walls?

A

The Atria

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28
Q

Which part of the wall is flexible and expandable?

A

The outer auricle

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29
Q

What is the coronary sulcus?

A

Divides the atria and the ventricles

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30
Q

What part of the heart separates the right and left ventricles?

A

Anterior inter ventricular sulcus and posterior interventricular sulcus

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31
Q

What contains the blood vessels of cardiac muscle?

A

Anterior inter ventricular sulcus and posterior interventricular sulcus

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32
Q

Between which ribs does the heart ‘sit’?

A

Approx between 2-6

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33
Q

What 3 parts make up the heart wall?

A

The epicardium, the myocardium, and the endocardium.

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34
Q

Which layer of the heart is the muscular wall?

A

The myocardium (middle layer)

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35
Q

The atrial myocardium wraps around what?

A

The great vessels

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36
Q

Which layer of the heart is made of simple squamous epithelium?

A

The Endocardium or inner layer

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37
Q

What connects cardiac muscle cells?

A

Intercalated disks

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38
Q

What is secured by desmosomes?

A

Intercalated disks

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39
Q

What conveys the FORCE of contraction in cardiac muscle?

A

Intercalated disks

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40
Q

Intercalated disks are linked by what?

A

Gap junctions

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41
Q

Describe the nucleus of a cardiac muscle cell:

A

Single and central

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42
Q

Muscle cells are abundant in what?

A

Mitochondria (25% of total cell volume)

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43
Q

What is the role of the Interatrial septum?

A

Separates the atria

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44
Q

What is the role of the Interventricular septum?

A

Separates ventricles

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45
Q

What valves connect the right atrium to the right ventricle and the left atrium to the left ventricle?

A

The AV valves

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46
Q

Which valves contain the bicuspid and tricuspid valves?

A

The AV valves

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47
Q

Which valves permit blood flow from atria to the ventricles?

A

The AV valves

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48
Q

Where do the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava open to?

A

The right atrium

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49
Q

The right atrium receives blood from the head neck and upper limbs and chest via what valve?

A

The Superior vena cava

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50
Q

The right atrium receives blood from the trunk viscera and lower limbs via what valve?

A

The Inferior vena cava

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51
Q

Other than the vena cava, how does blood enter the right atrium?

A

Via the coronary sinus

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52
Q

What returns blood to the coronary sinus?

A

Cardiac veins

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53
Q

Where is the foramen ovale?

A

The right atrium

54
Q

What happens to the foramen ovale after birth?

A

It closes and becomes the fossa ovalis.

55
Q

What does the foramen ovale connect?

A

The two atria

56
Q

Where are the pectinate muscles located?

A

The right atrium

57
Q

What do chordae tendinae attach?

A

Papillary muscles to the right ventricle

58
Q

What is the role of the chordae tendinae?

A

Prevents the valve from opening backwards.

59
Q

Which valve is the RIGHT AV valve

A

The tricuspid valve

60
Q

The tricuspid valve opens from ____ to _____

A

Right Atrium to Right Ventricle

61
Q

What is the role of the tricuspid valve?

A

To prevent back flow

62
Q

What is Trabeculae carneae?

A

Muscular ridges on internal surface of right and left ventricle

63
Q

What is the role of the motor band on the Trabeculae carnae?

A

coordinates contractions of cardiac muscle cells

64
Q

Where is the Conus arteriosus and where does it lead?

A

Superior end of right ventricle. Leads to pulmonary trunk

65
Q

Pulmonary trunk divides into what?

A

2 left and right pulmonary arteries

66
Q

Blood passes through what when passing from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk?

A

Through the pulmonary valve

67
Q

Which valve has 3 semilunar cusps?

A

The pulmonary valve

68
Q

What veins deliver blood to the left atrium?

A

Left and right pulmonary veins

69
Q

Through what valve does blood pass from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

A

The LEFT AV valve (mitral, biscupid)

70
Q

Which chamber of the heart is the most powerful?

A

The left ventricle

71
Q

Which ventricle lacks a moderator band?

A

The left ventricle

72
Q

The aortic valve connects which chamber to what?

A

The left ventricle to the ascending aorta

73
Q

What are the 3 parts of the aorta?

A

The ascending aorta the aortic arch and the descending aorta

74
Q

Which ventricle is pouch shaped and which ventricle is round?

A

Right: pouch shaped Left: round

75
Q

Which valves close due to blood pressure during ventricular contraction

A

Atrioventricular Valves (AV)

76
Q

What prevents the valves from swinging into atria

A

Papillary muscles tensing the chordae tendineae

77
Q

Which 2 valves make up the semi lunar valves?

A

Pulmonary and aortic tricuspid valves

78
Q

Which valves receive no muscular support?

A

The semi lunar valves

79
Q

The semi-lunar valves prevent back flow from where?

A

The pulmonary trunk (pulmonary) and aorta (aortic) into ventricles.

80
Q

What are the aortic sinuses?

A

They are sacs that prevent valve cusps from sticking to the aorta

81
Q

Where are the aortic sinuses?

A

At the base of the ascending aorta.

82
Q

What causes the semilunar valves to close?

A

The cusps fill with blood

83
Q

What structure provides physical support cardiac muscle fibers?

A

the Cardiac (Fibrous) Skeleton

84
Q

What supplies the heart itself with blood?

A

Left and right coronary arteries and cardiac veins

85
Q

Where do the coronary arteries orginate?

A

The aortic sinuses.

86
Q

2 main branches of the coronary artery are?

A

The circumflex artery and the Anterior interventricular artery

87
Q

What is the role of the Great cardiac vein?

A

Drains blood from area of anterior interventricular artery into coronary sinus

88
Q

What is the role of the Anterior cardiac veins

A

Empties blood into the right atrium

89
Q

What is the role of the posterior middle and small cardiac vein?

A

Empty into great cardiac vein or coronary sinus

90
Q

In what order to the parts of the heart contract when beating?

A

The atria, followed by the ventricles.

91
Q

What are the 2 types of cardiac muscle cells?

A
  1. Conducting system (coordinates heartbeat) 2. Contractile cells (produces contractions that propel blood)
92
Q

What stimulates the contraction of the heart?

A

Electrical impulses

93
Q

What is Automaticity?

A

Automatic muscle contractions

94
Q

What are the 3 structures of the conducting system?

A
  1. Sinoatrual (SA) node 2. Atrioventricular (AV) node 3. Conducting cells (throughout myocardium)
95
Q

What is prepotenial?

A

Resting potential of conducting cells.

96
Q

What node establishes the heart rate?

A

SA node depolarizes, establishing heart rate.

97
Q

How many action potentials are generated by the SA Node per minute?

A

80-100

98
Q

What slows the heart rate?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation

99
Q

How many action potentials are generated by the AV node per minute?

A

40-60

100
Q

Which node is in the posterior wall of the right atrium?

A

The SA node

101
Q

Which node contains pacemaker cells?

A

The SA node

102
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

The floor of the right atrium

103
Q

Which node receives impulses from the SA Node?

A

The AV node

104
Q

Where does atrial contraction begin?

A

The AV node

105
Q

How long is the delay at the AV node?

A

100 msec

106
Q

Where is the AV bundle?

A

The septum

107
Q

Where does the AV bundle lead impulses?

A

The moderator band and left and right bundle branches

108
Q

Where do Purkinje fibers receive impulses from?

A

The AV bundle

109
Q

How does ventricular contract begin?

A

The purkinje fibers distribute impulse through the ventriclular myocardium as the atrial contraction completes.

110
Q

What is Bradycardia?

A

Abnormally slow heart rate

111
Q

What is Tachycardia?

A

Abnormally high heart rate

112
Q

What is Electrocardiogram?

A

A device that uses electrodes to record of electrical events in the heart and detect Abnormal patterns and diagnose damage

113
Q

What is ectopic pacemaker?

A

An excitable group of cells that causes premature heart beat outside the normally functioning SA node of the heart.

114
Q

What is denoted by the P wave on an EKG?

A

Atria depolarizes

115
Q

What is denoted by the QRS complex on an EKG?

A

Ventricles depolarize

116
Q

What is denoted by the T wave on an EKG?

A

Ventricles depolarize

117
Q

Where does the P-R interval start and end on an EKG?

A

Starts at atrial depolarization and ends at the start of the QRS complex

118
Q

Where does the Q-T interval start and end on an EKG?

A

Starts and ventricular depolarization and ends at ventricular repolarization.

119
Q

What is the resting potential of a ventricular cell?

A

About 90mV

120
Q

What is the resting potential of an atrial cell?

A

About 80mV

121
Q

What is the difference between Absolute refractory period and Relative refractory period?

A
  1. Long, cardiac muscle cells can NOT respond 2. Short, response depends on degree of stimulus
122
Q

Length of cardiac action potential in ventricular cell?

A

250-300 msecs

123
Q

What ion increases to produce contraction of cardiac muscle?

A

Calcium Ions

124
Q

What 3 steps provide aerobic energy for the heart?

A
  1. Mitochondrial breakdown of fatty acids and glucose 2. Oxygen from hemoglobin 3. Cardiac muscles store oxygen in myoglobin
125
Q

What is a cardiac cycle?

A

Includes contraction and relaxation of 1 heartbeat

126
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction of the heart

127
Q

What is Diastole?

A

Relaxation of the heart

128
Q

Blood pressure does what during systole?

A

Rises

129
Q

Blood pressure does what during diastole?

A

Falls

130
Q

How long is the cardiac cycle and what bpm does it produce?

A

800 msecs, 75 bpm

131
Q

What parts of the cardiac cycle shorten when the heart rate increases?

A

All parts but especially diastole.

A+P 2 (19 decks)

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