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A+P 2 > Lecture: The Urinary System > Flashcards

Lecture: The Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ph of urine?

A

4.5-8 (avg 6)

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2
Q

What is the water content of urine?

A

93-97%

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3
Q

How much urine does a human pass a day?

A

700-2000 mL per day

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4
Q

What external factors contributes to the amount of urine passed?

A

temperature, humidity, and water intake

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5
Q

What is polyuria?

A

A higher than normal volume of urine

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6
Q

What is Anuria

A

No urine

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7
Q

What is oliguria?

A

A lower than normal volume of urine

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8
Q

What is one of the most important symptoms of diabetes

A

polyuria

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9
Q

What is Hematuria?

A

Red peep urine

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10
Q

What is pyuria?

A

Smoky colored urine

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11
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Deeply yellow urine

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12
Q

What is Diabetes Insipidus?

A

Excessive urination and extreme thirst as a result of inadequate output of ADH

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13
Q

Where does bilirubin come from?

A

Destruction of RBC’s

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14
Q

What gives urine its yellow color?

A

Bilirubin

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15
Q

What is the bacterial content of urine?

A

None (sterile)

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16
Q

What is the compound created by deamination of amino acids by liver and kidneys?

A

Urea

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17
Q

If someone has a muscular disease and it atrophies, what may increase in the urine?

A

Creatinine

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18
Q

What parts make up the urinary tract?

A

Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra

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19
Q

What is a fancy word for Urination?

A

Micturition

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20
Q

Where is the bladder positioned in a female that is different from the male?

A

female: the uterus sits on top of the bladder

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21
Q

How much does the uterus weigh in a non vs pregnant woman

A

50 grams vs 200grams

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22
Q

At what volume does one feel the urge to urinate?

A

150 mL

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23
Q

At what volume does the bladder feel full?

A

500 mL

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24
Q

How frequently does peristalsis move urine along the tract?

A

Every 30 seconds

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25
Q

How is remaining urine emptied after urination in men?

A

The bulbo spongeousus/cavernous contracts

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26
Q

How is remaining urine emptied after urination in women?

A

It is emptied by gravity

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27
Q

What muscle allows voluntary control over urination?

A

External urethral sphincters

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28
Q

Which nervous systems control urination?

A

The parasympathetic AND sympathetic nervous systems

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29
Q

What is the byproduct of protein metabolism?

A

Ammonium Ion (NH4)

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30
Q

Through which compound is ammonia disposed of?

A

Urea (urine cycle)

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31
Q

In what organ does urea cycling take place?

A

The liver

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32
Q

Which is more toxic? Urea or Ammonium

A

Ammonium

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33
Q

What are the 3 major byproducts of protein synthesis into energy?

A

Urea, Uric acid, creatinine

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34
Q

What are the 2 garbage collecting organs?

A

Liver + Kidneys

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35
Q

How many kidneys are there?

A

2

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36
Q

In which abdominal cavity are kidneys located?

A

Right + Left lumbar region

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37
Q

Which kidney is lower?

A

The right kidney

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38
Q

Which kidney is protected by the 12th rib?

A

Right kidney

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39
Q

Which kidney is protected by the 11 + 12th rib?

A

Left kidney

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40
Q

How long is the typical adult kidney?

A

10cm

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41
Q

How long are the ureters?

A

10-12 inches

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42
Q

Which wall is the kidney closer to?

A

Posterior wall, retroperitoneal

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43
Q

What are the 3 functions of the urinary system?

A
  1. Excretion 2. Elimination 3.Homeostatic regulation
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44
Q

Which organ produces urine?

A

The kidneys

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45
Q

What are the 3 parts of the urinary tract?

A
  1. Ureters 2. Urinary bladder 3. Urethra
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46
Q

Which organ (or group of organs) eliminates urine?

A

The urinary tract

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47
Q

How does urination occur?

A

The muscular urinary bladder contacts, forcing urine through urethra and out of body

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48
Q

What are five homeostatic functions of the urinary system?

A
  1. Regulates blood volume/pressure
  2. Regulates plasma ion concentration
  3. Stabilizes blood pH
  4. Conserves nutrients
  5. Assists liver in detoxification
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49
Q

How is blood volume and pressure regulated by the urinary system? (2)

A
  1. Adjusting volume of water lost in urine

2. Releasing erythropoietin and renin

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50
Q

How is plasma ion concentration regulated by the urinary system?

A
  1. Controlling quantities of sodium potassium and chloride ions lost in urine
  2. Synthesizes of calcitrol to regulate calcium ion levels
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51
Q

How is blood pH stabilized by the urinary system? (ions)

A

By controlling loss of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in urine

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52
Q

How are nutrients conserved by the urinary system?

A

By preventing excretion while excreting waste

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53
Q

What is superior to both kidneys?

A

Suprarenal (adrenal) glands

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54
Q

What 3 things protect and stabilize the kidneys?

A
  1. Fibrous capsule 2. Perinepheric fat capsule 2. Renal fascia
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55
Q

What is the perinepheric fat capsule composed of?

A

A thick layer of adipose tissue (fat)

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56
Q

What is the fibrous capsule composed of?

A

A layer of collagen fibers

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57
Q

What is the renal fascia composed of?

A

A dense fibrous outer layer

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58
Q

What exits at the kidney hilum?

A

The renal vein and ureter

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59
Q

What stabilizes positions of ureter, renal blood vessels, and nerves?

A

The renal sinus

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60
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

Superficial portion of kidney in contact with renal capsule

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61
Q

How does the renal cortex appear?

A

Reddish brown and granular

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62
Q

What are renal pyramids?

A

6-18 distinct conical or triangular structures in renal medulla

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63
Q

What is a renal papilla?

A

The tip of a renal pyramids that projects into the renal sinus

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64
Q

What are renal columns?

A

Bands of cortical tissue separate adjacent renal pyramids

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65
Q

How is the texture of a renal column?

A

Distinctly granular

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66
Q

What parts does a renal lobe consist of? What does it do?

A
  1. Renal pyramid 2. renal cortex 3. renal columns 4. Produce Urine
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67
Q

How does urine first leave the kidneys?

A

Ducts discharge urine from the renal papilla to the minor calyx

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68
Q

What do minor calyxes form?

A

4-5 minor calyx forms 1 major calyx

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69
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

A Large, funnel-shaped chamber comprised of 2-3 major calyces.

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70
Q

What is the position of the renal pelvis?

A

Fills most of renal sinus and connected to the ureter

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71
Q

Where does urine production begin?

A

In the nephrons

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72
Q

What is a nephron?

A

A Microscopic, tubular structures in cortex of each renal lobe

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73
Q

How much of the total cardiac output (of blood) do the kidneys receive?

A

20-25%

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74
Q

How much blood flows through the kidneys per minute?

A

1200 mL

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75
Q

Through what do the kidneys receive blood?

A

The renal artery

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76
Q

What enters the kidney at the hilum?

A

Renal nerves

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77
Q

What innervates the kidneys and ureters?

A

Renal nerves

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78
Q

What stimulates release of renin by the kidneys?

A
  1. sympathetic nervous system activity
  2. A decrease in sodium chloride (salt) in the kidney
  3. a fall in arterial blood pressure
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79
Q

What nervous system adjusts rate of urine formation?

A

Sympathetic Innervation, by changing blood flow and pressure at nephron

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80
Q

A nephron consists of what 2 parts?

A

A renal tubule and renal corpuscle

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81
Q

Where is the glomerulus?

A

Inside the renal corpuscle

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82
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

A network of 50 intertwining capillaries

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83
Q

How does blood enter and exit the glomerulus?

A

Through afferent (arrive) and efferent (exit) arterioles

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84
Q

In which part of the kidney does filtration occur?

A

The renal corpuscle

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85
Q

How does blood pressure aid in filtration? What does it produce?

A
  1. Forces water and solutes out of glomerular capillaries into capsular space
  2. Produces protein-free solution (filtrate) similar to plasma
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86
Q

The renal tubules reabsorb… how much water?

A

useful organic nutrients that enter filtrate and more than 90% of water in filtrate

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87
Q

The renal tubules secrete…

A

Secrete waste products that failed to enter the corpuscle via filtration

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88
Q

What is the collecting system?

A

A series of tubes that carries tubular fluid away from the nephrons

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89
Q

Describe the organization of a nephron

A

Traveling along tubule, filtrate (tubular fluid) gradually changes composition

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90
Q

From where do collecting ducts receive filtrate? (NOT A PART OF THE NEPHRON)

A

Each duct receives filtrate from many nephrons

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91
Q

Each collecting duct begins ______, descends into ________. Then it carries filtrate to _________ and finally drains into _________.

A
  1. The cortex 2. The medulla 3. Papillary ducts 4. A minor Calyx
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92
Q

What type of cells make up a collecting duct?

A

Cuboidal to columnar cells

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93
Q

What type of cells make up a papillary duct?

A

Columnar cells

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94
Q

What type of cells make up a nephron loop?

A

Squamos or low cuboidal cells

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95
Q

What type of cells make up a renal tubule?

A

Cuboidal cells with microvilli (except for the DCT)

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96
Q

What type of nephron makes up 85% of nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons

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97
Q

Where are cortical nephrons located?

A

Inside the superficial cortex of the kidney

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98
Q

What type of nephron has a short nephron loop?

A

Cortical nephrons

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99
Q

What type of nephron makes up 15% of nephrons?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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100
Q

Describe the nephron loop of the Juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

The nephron loops extend deep into medulla

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101
Q

What is the diameter of a renal corpuscle?

A

150–250 µm

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102
Q

What special cells make up the visceral epithelium of the kidneys?

A

They are large cells called podocytes with complex “feet” (pedicels)

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103
Q

Which capillaries of the kidneys are fenestrated?

A

Glomerular capillaries

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104
Q

Which cells regulate blood flow of kidney capillaries?

A

Mesengial cells

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105
Q

The filtration membrane of the renal corpuscle consists of what 3 layers?

A
  1. Fenestrated epithelium
  2. Lamina densa
  3. Filtration cells
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106
Q

What is the lamina densa?

A

The central layer of the renal corpuscle

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107
Q

Passive filtration at the renal corpuscle allows _________ solutes into _________?

A
  1. metabolic waste, excess ions, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and vitamins 2. The capsular space
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108
Q

Where does reabsorption mainly occur?

A

The proximal convoluted tubule

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109
Q

What is the first segment of the renal tubule?

A

The proximal convoluted tubule

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110
Q

Describe the epithelial lining of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A
  1. simple cuboidal with microvilli

2. Functions in reabsorption, secretion

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111
Q

Tubular cells absorb _______ from _______and release them _______?

A
  1. Organic nutrients, ions, water, plasma proteins 2. Tubular fluid 3. Into peritubular fluid
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112
Q

What is the third segment of the renal tubule?

A

The distal convoluted tubule

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113
Q

What are the 3 main internal regions of the kidney?

A

The renal cortex, renal medulla, and renal pelvis

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114
Q

What are the 3 functional divisions of the loop of henle?

A
  1. the thin descending limb
  2. thin ascending limb
  3. thick ascending limb
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115
Q

What is the second segment of the renal tubule?

A

The loop of henle

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116
Q

Which segment of the renal tubule has a smaller diameter and epithelial cells that lack microvilli?

A

The distal convoluted tubule

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117
Q

What are the 3 processes at the distal convoluted tubule?

A
  1. Secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins
  2. Reabsorption of sodium and calcium ions from tubular fluid
  3. Reabsorption of water which concentrates tubular fluid
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118
Q

What is the Juxtaglomerular complex?

A

An endocrine structure that secretes erythropoietin (hormone) and renin (enzyme)

119
Q

The Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells combine to form what?

A

the Juxtaglomerular complex

120
Q

What cells compose the macula densa?

A

Tall epithelial cells with densely clustered nuclei

121
Q

Where is the macula densa?

A

In the distal convoluted tubule, near the renal corpuscle

122
Q

What do juxtaglomerular cells form?

A

Smooth muscle fibers in wall of afferent arteriole

123
Q

What adjusts fluid composition while transporting tubular fluid from nephron to renal pelvis?

A

Collecting ducts

124
Q

Where is final osmotic concentration and volume of urine determined?

A

Collecting ducts

125
Q

What is the number one goal of urine production?

A

To maintain homeostasis

126
Q

How does urine production maintain homeostasis?

A

By regulating volume and composition of blood including excretion of metabolic waste products

127
Q

What are the 3 organic waste products in urine?

A
  1. Urea 2. Creatinine 3. Uric acid
128
Q

Removal of organic waste products from the body is accompanied by ___________?

A

Water loss

129
Q

What are the 2 major functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. To concentrate filtrate by glomerular filtration

2. Absorb and retain valuable materials for use by other tissues

130
Q

What are the 3 basic processes of urine formation

A
  1. Filtration 2. Reabsorption 3. Secretion
131
Q

What forces water through membrane pores of the kidneys?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

132
Q

Which organ as large pores for filtration?

A

The liver

133
Q

Reabsorption and secretion involves what 4 processes at the kidneys? (cellular level)

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Osmosis
  3. Channel mediated diffusion
  4. Carrier mediated transport
134
Q

What are 4 types of carrier mediated transport?

A
  1. Faciliated diffision
  2. Active transport
  3. Contransport
  4. Countertransport
135
Q

What determines the renal threshold?

A

material remaining in tubular fluid (appearing in urine) that exceeded the capacity of nephron re-absorption.

136
Q

What is the renal threshold?

A

The plasma concentration at which a compound or ion begins to appear in urine

137
Q

What is the renal threshold of glucose?

A

approximately 180 mg/dL

138
Q

What is glycosuria?

A

Glucose in urine

139
Q

What is the renal threshold of amino acids?

A

65 mg/dL (lower than glucose)

140
Q

What is the term for amino acids appearing in urine?

A

Aminoaciduria

141
Q

What is the osmotic concentration of body fluids?

A

300 mOsm/L (milliosmole per liter)

142
Q

Describe glomerular capillaries (4 points)

A
  1. fenestrated capillaries 2. pores 60–100 nm diameter 3. Prevent passage of blood cells 4. Allow diffusion of solutes, including plasma proteins
143
Q

What can diffuse through the lamina densa?

A
  1. Small plasma proteins 2. Nutrients 3. Ions
144
Q

Describe the filtration slits of the glomerulus (3 points)

A
  1. the finest filters 2. gaps only 6–9 nm wide 3. Prevent passage of most small plasma proteins
145
Q

Glomerular filtration is governed by the balance between what 2 things?

A
  1. Hydrostatic pressure (fluid pressure) 2. Colloid osmotic pressure (of materials in solution)
146
Q

What opposes glomerular hydrostatic pressure?

A

Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CsHP)

147
Q

What is the average capusular hydrostatic pressure?

A

about 15 mm Hg

148
Q

What is Net Hydrostatic Pressure (NHP)?

A

the difference between Glomerular hydrostatic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure

149
Q

What is the colloid osmotic pressure of a solution?

A

the osmotic pressure resulting from the presence of suspended proteins

150
Q

What are the 2 functions of blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)?

A
  1. To oppose filtration 2. To draw water out of filtrate and into plasma
151
Q

What is the average blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)?

A

25mm Hg

152
Q

What is filtration pressure (FP)?

A

The average pressure forcing water and dissolved materials out of glomerular capillaries Into capsular spaces

153
Q

How is filtration pressure calculated at the glomerulus?

A

It is the difference between Hydrostatic pressure and blood colloid osmotic pressure across glomerular capillaries

154
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ?

A

the amount of filtrate kidneys produce each minute

155
Q

How much filtrate do the kidneys produce each minute?

A

Averages 125 mL/min (this is average GFR)

156
Q

What percentage of filtrate is delivered back to the kidneys?

A

10%

157
Q

What is a creatinine clearance test?

A

An estimate of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)….. (A more accurate GFR test uses insulin)

158
Q

How much filtrate do glomeruli produce each day?

A

180 liters

159
Q

What 3 things control GFR?

A
  1. Autoregulation (local level) 2. Hormonal regulation (initiated by kidneys) 3. Autonomic regulation (by sympathetic division of ANS)
160
Q

How is GFR auto-regulated locally?

A

By changing diameters of afferent arterioles, efferent arterioles, and glomerular capillaries

161
Q

How much of the filtrate produced in the renal corpuscle do PCT cells normally reabsorb?

A

60–70% of filtrate

162
Q

What are the 5 functions of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

A
  1. Reabsorption of organic nutrients
  2. Reabsorption of water
  3. Passive reabsorption of ions
  4. Active reabsorption of ions
  5. Secretion
163
Q

Three ways sodium ions enter tubular cells in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

A
  1. Diffusion through leak channels,
  2. Sodium-linked cotransport of solutes
  3. Countertransport of hydrogen ions
164
Q

What is reabsorbed during countercurrent exchange?

A

The Nephron loop reabsorbs 1/2 the water and 2/3 of sodium/chloride ions remaining in tubular fluid

165
Q

What is countercurrent multiplication?

A

The exchange between the thin/descending and the thick/ascending parallel limbs of the loop of henle

166
Q

During countercurrent multiplication, Fluid in descending limb flows _______ while the fluid in ascending limb flows _______.

A
  1. toward renal pelvis 2. toward cortex
167
Q

What separates the parallel segments of the nephron loop?

A

Only peritubular fluid

168
Q

Which limb of the nephron loop is permeable to water and impermeable to solutes?

A

The thin descending limb

169
Q

Which limb of the nephron loop is impermeable to water/solutes but contains active transport mechanisms (Na+ and Cl- pumps)?

A

The thick ascending limb

170
Q

What 2 things happen to tubular fluid as it flows along the thin descending limb?

A
  1. Osmosis moves water into peritubular fluid, leaving solutes behind
  2. Osmotic concentration of tubular fluid increases
171
Q

What 2 things happen to tubular fluid as it flows along the thick ascending limb?

A
  1. 2/3 of Na+ and Cl- are pumped out of tubular fluid before it reaches DCT 2. solute concentration in tubular fluid declines
172
Q

What percent of the initial filtrate volume reaches DCT?

A

15-20%

173
Q

The tubular cells at the DCT transport ________ out of tubular fluid in exchange for ________

A
  1. Na+ and Cl- 2. K+
174
Q

What hormone controls ion pump/channels by stimulating synthesis and incorporation of Na+ pumps/channels?

A

Aldosterone

175
Q

Where is Aldosterone produced?

A

The suprarenal cortex

176
Q

What hormone reduces Na+ lost in urine?

A

Aldosterone

177
Q

What is hypokalemia?

A

A condition produced by prolonged aldosterone stimulation that dangerously reduces plasma concentration

178
Q

Describe the effects hydrogen ion secretion (3 points)

A
  1. Acidifies tubular fluid
  2. Elevates blood pH
  3. Accelerates when blood pH falls
179
Q

What are the 2 types of acidosis?

A
  1. Lactic acidosis 2. Ketoacidosis
180
Q

What is caused by exhaustive muscle activity?

A

Lactic acidosis

181
Q

What is caused by starvation or diabetes mellitus?

A

Ketoacidosis

182
Q

What causes ketoacidosis?

A

Starvation or diabetes mellitus

183
Q

How do the kidneys control blood pH?

A

Through H+ removal and bicarbonate production

184
Q

What is the term for abnormally high blood pH?

A

Alkalosis

185
Q

What can cause alkalosis?

A

prolonged aldosterone stimulation

186
Q

What is acidosis?

A

Increased acidity in the blood (usually plasma) and other body tissues

187
Q

How does the body fight acidosis? (3 steps)

A
  1. PCT and DCT deaminate amino acids
  2. Ammonium ions are pumped into tubular fluid
  3. Bicarbonate ions enter bloodstream through peritubular fluid
188
Q

What are 2 benefits of tubular deamination?

A
  1. Carbon chains are made for catabolism

2. Generates bicarbonate ions to buffer plasma

189
Q

Collecting ducts receive ___1___ from ___2___ and carry it toward ___3___

A
  1. tubular fluid 2. nephrons 3. renal sinus
190
Q

What 3 things are reabsorbed via the collecting system?

A
  1. Sodium ions 2. Bicarbonate 2. Urea
191
Q

__1__ and __2__ are secreted by the collecting system, controlling __3__.

A
  1. Hydrogen ions 2. Bicarbonate ions 3. Body fluid pH
192
Q

How does the body respond to a low pH in peritubular fluid?

A

Carrier proteins will pump H+ into tubular fluid and reabsorb bicarbonate ions

193
Q

How does the body respond to a high pH in peritubular fluid?

A

The collecting system will secrete bicarbonate ions and pumps H+ into peritubular fluid

194
Q

What are the vasa recta?

A

A portion of the peritubular capillary that runs parallel to the loop of henle

195
Q

What are peritubularcapillaries?

A

tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption/secretion between blood/the nephron.

196
Q

What is another name for the straight arterioles of the kidneys?

A

The vasa recta

197
Q

In which 2 places is water reabsorbed by osmosis, contributing to urine volume?

A
  1. Proximal convoluted tubule 2. Descending limb of nephron loop
198
Q

What signal prompts water reabsorption into urine occur?

A

osmotic concentration of peritubular fluid exceeding that of tubular fluid

199
Q

What is obligatory water reabsorption?

A

Water movement that cannot be prevented, recovering 85% of filtrate produced

200
Q

Facultative Water Reabsorption accounts for what percent of filtrate volume?

A

15% or 27L

201
Q

What controls volume of water reabsorbed along DCT and collecting system?

A

Facultative Water Reabsorption

202
Q

What is Antidiuretic hormone(ADH)?

A

A hormone helps your kidneys manage the amount of water in your body by causing special water channels to appear in apical cell membranes.

203
Q

A high level of ADH will increase what 3 things?

A
  1. Number of water channels
  2. Permeability of DCT and collecting system
  3. Rate of osmotic water movement
204
Q

What 2 things will happen if the body lacks ADH?

A
  1. Water will not be reabsorbed

2. All fluid reaching DCT is lost in urine, diluting it

205
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A

Continuously secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

206
Q

How much water will the collecting system reabsorb if ADH levels are normal each day?

A

9.3% of filtrate or 16.8 L a day.

207
Q

What is diruresis?

A

increased or excessive production of urine.

208
Q

What are diuretics?

A

Drugs that promote water loss in urine

209
Q

What is the effect of diuretic therapy?

A

Reduced:

  1. blood volume
  2. blood pressure
  3. extracellular fluid volume
210
Q

What is the function of the vasa recta?

A
  1. Balance solute reabsorption and osmosis in medulla

2. Carries water and solutes out of medulla

211
Q

What 4 categories of compounds are found in urine?

A
  1. Nitrogenous waste
  2. Nutrients and metabolites
  3. Ions
  4. Blood cells
212
Q

What are the 7 nitrogenous wastes found in urine?

A
  1. Urea
  2. Creatinine
  3. Ammonia
  4. Uric acid
  5. Hippuric Acid
  6. Uronbilin
  7. Bilirubin
213
Q

What are the 4 nutrients and metabolites found in urine?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Ketone bodies
  3. Lipids
  4. Amino Acids
214
Q

What are the 5 ions found in urine?

A
  1. Sodium
  2. Chloride
  3. Potassium
  4. Calcium
  5. Magnesium
215
Q

List the 8 steps/stops of renal function.

A

Step 1: Glomerulus (filtrate production Step 2: Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) (removal of ions and organic substrates) Step 3: PCT and Descending Limb
(concentration of tubular fluid) Step 4: Thick Ascending Limb
(Na+ and Cl- transported out of tubule)
Step 5: DCT and Collecting Ducts
(Final adjustments in composition of tubular fluid) Step 6: DCT and Collecting Ducts
(Final adjustments in volume / osmotic concentration of tubular fluid, Exposure to ADH) Step 7: Vasa Recta
(absorbs solutes /water reabsorbed by nephron) Step 8: Urin production (ends when fluid enters the renal pelvis)

216
Q

What are the structures of urine transport, storage, and elimination?

A
  1. Minor and major calyces
  2. renal pelvis
  3. ureters
  4. urinary bladder
  5. proximal portion of urethra
217
Q

What type of epithelium lines the structures of urine transport, storage, and elimination?

A

transitional epithelium

218
Q

What structures undergo cycles of distention and contraction?

A

structures of urine transport, storage, and elimination

219
Q

Name the pair of muscular tubes extending from kidneys to urinary bladder and beginning at renal pelvis

A

The ureters

220
Q

What shape are the ureteral openings? Why?

A

Slitlike to prevent the backflow of urine when urinary bladder contracts

221
Q

What are the 3 layers of the ureters?

A
  1. Inner mucosa
  2. Middle muscular layer
  3. Outer connective tissue layer
222
Q

What 2 parts make up the inner mucosa of the ureters?

A
  1. Transitional epithelium

2. lamina propria

223
Q

The middle muscular layers of the ureters are comprised of __1__ and __2__ of __3___ muscle.

A
  1. Longitudinal
  2. Circular bands of
  3. Smooth
224
Q

What is the outer connective tissue layer of the ureters continuous with?

A

The fibrous renal capsule and peritoneum

225
Q

What phenomena forces urine toward urinary bladder and how often?

A

Persitaltic contractions every 30 seconds

226
Q

Where do peristaltic contractions begin and where do they proceed?

A

At the renal pelvis and along the ureters

227
Q

How much urine does a full bladder contain?

A

1 Liter

228
Q

Which organ of the urinary system is hollow, muscular and functions as temporary reservoir for urine storage?

A

The urinary bladder

229
Q

What anchors the urinary bladder to pelvic and pubic bones?

A

Ligamentous bands

230
Q

What is the function of ligamentous bands?

A

Anchoring the urinary bladder to pelvic and pubic bones

231
Q

Folds in the lining of the urinary bladder that disappear as bladder fills

A

Rugae

232
Q

What is the trigone of the urinary bladder?

A

A triangular area of the bladder that acts as a funnel

that channels urine from bladder into urethra

233
Q

What is the most inferior part of the urinary bladder?

A

The apex of trigone

234
Q

Where is the urethral entrance?

A

The apex of trigone

235
Q

What is the region surrounding urethral opening?

A

The neck of the urinary bladder

236
Q

What is the muscle at the inside the neck of the urinary bladder?

A

The internal urethral sphincter

237
Q

What kind of muscle makes up the internal urethral sphincter?

A

Smooth involuntary muscle

238
Q

What innervates the urinary bladder?

A
  1. Postganglionic fibers

2. Parasympathetic fibers

239
Q

What are the 3 layers of the urinary bladder?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis
240
Q

What is the muscular layer of the urinary bladder comprised of?

A

The detrusor muscle

241
Q

What layers comprise the detrusor muscle?

A

Inner and outer layers of longitudinal smooth muscle with a circular layer in between

242
Q

What is the function of the detrusor muscle?

A

compresses urinary bladder and expels urine

243
Q

What extends from neck of urinary bladder To the exterior of the body?

A

The urethra

244
Q

Approx how long is the male urethra?

A

18–20 cm; 7-8 in

245
Q

What 3 segments make up the male urethra?

A
  1. Prostatic urethra
  2. Membranous urethra
  3. Spongy urethra (penile urethra)
246
Q

What part of the urethra extends from urogenital diaphragm to external urethral orifice in a MAN?

A

Spongy urethra (penile urethra)

247
Q

How does the Prostatic urethra get its name?

A

It passes through center of prostate gland

248
Q

What part of the urethra includes short segment that penetrates the urogenital diaphragm?

A

Membranous urethra

249
Q

How long is the female urethra?

A

3–5 cm; 1-2 in.

250
Q

The external urethral sphincter is comprised of what type of muscle?

A

Skeletal voluntary muscle

251
Q

How does the external urethral sphincter permit micturution?

A

Through voluntary RELAXATION

252
Q

What 3 layers make up the urethra?

A
  1. Lamina propria 2. Mucous membrane 3. Mucin-secreting cells
253
Q

What layer of the urethra is thick and elastic?

A

Lamina propria

254
Q

What layer of the urethra has longitudinal folds?

A

Mucous membrane

255
Q

What layer of the urethra lies in epethelial pockets?

A

Mucin-secreting cells

256
Q

The urethra of which sex contains a lamina propria with an extensive network of veins

A

Female

257
Q

The urethra of which sex contains epithelial mucous glands?

A

Male

258
Q

The urethra of which sex contains a complex surrounded by concentric layers of smooth muscle

A

Female

259
Q

The urethra of which sex contains connective tissues in the lamina propria?

A

Male

260
Q

Which nerves are involved in the Micturition Reflex as the bladder fills with urine?

A

The afferent and efferent pelvic nerves

261
Q

What prompts the micturition reflex?

A

Stretch receptors are triggered at a volume of 500ml or more

262
Q

What causes a lack of voluntary control over urination?

A
  1. Infancy

2. Incontinence

263
Q

Aging causes a decline in what?

A
  1. The number of functional nephrons
  2. GFR
  3. sensitivity to ADH
264
Q

What causes incontinence in old age?

A

Loss of tone in the sphincter muscles

265
Q

What is an effect of an enlarged prostate gland?

A

Compression of the the urethra and restricts urine flow

266
Q

What systems make up the “excretory system”?

A
  1. Urinary system
  2. Integumentary system
  3. Respiratory system
  4. Digestive system
267
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney and how many are there?

A

The nephron, nearly 1 million

268
Q

What are the 2 parts of a nephron?

A
  1. Renal Corpuscle

2. Renal Tubule

269
Q

What are the 2 segments of a renal corpuscle?

A
  1. Bowman’s Capsule

2. Glomerular Capillaries

270
Q

What are the segments of a renal tubule?

A
  1. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  2. Loop of Henle
  3. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
271
Q

3 major processes by which urine is produced?

A
  1. FIltration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Secretion
272
Q

Amount of fluid filtered by both kidneys per minute?

A

Around 125mL of urine

273
Q

Amount of fluid filtered by both kidneys per day?

A

Around 180L of urine produced a day (but not peed out)

274
Q

What structures enter the kidney?

A
  1. Renal Artery
275
Q

What structures exit the kidney?

A
  1. Renal Vein 2. Ureter
276
Q

What are the dimensions of a typical kidney?

A

10cm long x 5.5cm wide x 3cm thick

277
Q

How much does the kidney weigh?

A

150g

278
Q

What 5 regions are the ureters found in?

A

R- lumbar + inguinal, L-lumbar +inguinal, Hypogastric

279
Q

How long are the ureters?

A

10 inches

280
Q

What are the 2 types of stones formed in the nephron?

A
  1. calcium oxalate 2. calcium phosphate
281
Q

Which type of stone is the weaker and more breakable of the two?

A

oxalate

282
Q

How to prevent kidney stones?

A

Drink water

283
Q

What causes pain when passing kidney stones?

A

Peristalsis forces jagged kidney stones down the smooth ureters

284
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

A

Kidneys are swollen with fluid

285
Q

In what region of the body is the urinary bladder located?

A

hypogastric region

286
Q

At what bladder volume does one feel the first urge to pee?

A

150mL

287
Q

What causes a greater occurence of UTI’s in women?

A
  1. Close proximity to the vagina

2. Shorter urethra

288
Q

What type of epithelium is in the ureter, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra?

A

Transitional (no secretions, stretchy)

289
Q

What type of epithelium is in the distal urethra?

A

Stratified squamous

290
Q

What type of epithelium is in the renal tubule?

A

Simple cuboidal

291
Q

What is a common cause of hydronephrosis?

A

Kidney stone blockage

292
Q

What do syphilis and gonorrhea have in common?

A

They are infections of the urethra

293
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

A kidney infection most commonly caused by a UTI

A+P 2 (19 decks)

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