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A+P 2 > Lecture: Reproductive System > Flashcards

Lecture: Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are specialized reproductive cells?

A

Gametes

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2
Q

What are reproductive organs that produce gametes and hormones?

A

Gonads

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3
Q

What is the function of ducts?

A

Receive and transport gametes

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4
Q

What is the function of the general accessory glands/organs?

A

Secrete fluids into ducts/ excretory ducts

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5
Q

What constitutes the reproductive tract?

A

Reproductive ducts and the chambers that lead to the outside

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6
Q

What is the male gamete?

A

sperm

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7
Q

What is “emission”?

A

When sperm is released into the ducts, where it is mixed with excretions from accessory glands to form semen.

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8
Q

___1___ secrete male hormones called ___2___ the most important of which is ___3___.

A
  1. Testes 2. Androgens 3. Testosterone
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9
Q

What is an immature female gamete?

A

An oocyte

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10
Q

What are the female gonads?

A

The ovaries

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11
Q

What are the male gonads?

A

The testes

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12
Q

___1___ secrete female sex hormones, the most important of which are___2___ and ___3___.

A
  1. Ovaries 2. Estrogen 3. Progesterone
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13
Q

Where does an oocyte travel?

A

The oocyte travels through 1 of 2 uterine tubes to the uterus

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14
Q

What happens to the oocyte after sex? (5 steps)

A
  1. Fertilization 2. Becomes ova 3. Becomes embryo 4. Becomes fetus 5. Birth
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15
Q

What 3 parts make up the male duct system?

A
  1. epididymus 2. ductus deferens 3. urethra
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16
Q

What are the 3 male accessory glands?

A
  1. seminal glands 2. prostate 3. bulbo-urethral gland
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17
Q

What are the 2 male external genitals?

A
  1. scrotum 2. penis
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18
Q

Dims of the testes

A

5cm x 3cm x 2.5cm and 10-15 grams each

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19
Q

What is the pair of structures between the entrance of inguinal canal into the scrotum?

A

Spermatic cords

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20
Q

What are the 3 blood vessels within spermatic cords?

A
  1. Deferential artery 2. Testicular artery 3. Pampiniform plexus of the testicular vein
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21
Q

What innervates the spermatic cord?

A

The genitofemoral nerve

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22
Q

What are the spermatic cords made of?

A
  1. Layers of fascia / muscle 2. Ductus deferens 3. Blood vessels
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23
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

Protruding visceral tissues/organs into the canal

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24
Q

What forms during development when the testes drop?

A

The inguinal canal

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25
Q

What 2 spaces are linked by the inguinal canal?

A

The scrotal and peritoneal cavity

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26
Q

What divides the 2 scrotal cavities?

A

The raphe of scrotum

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27
Q

What is the role of the raphe of the scrotum?

A

Keeps inflammation from spreading from one testis to the other

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28
Q

What are the 3 layers of the scrotum?

A
  1. Tunica vaginalis 2. Dartos muscle 3. Cremaster muscle
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29
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

A serous membrane that lines the scrotal cavity, preventing friction

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30
Q

What is the dartos muscle?

A

A smooth muscle layer in the scrotum that causes wrinkling of the skin

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31
Q

What is the cremaster muscle

A

A skeletal muscle deep to the dermis tenses the scrotum and raises it toward the body

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32
Q

At what temperature does sperm develop?

A

1.1°C lower than body temperature

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33
Q

What is tunica albuginea made of and where is it?

A

It is a dense connective tissue layer in the testes, deep to the tunica vaginalis (scrotal layer)

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34
Q

What does the tunica albuginea form and what is its role?

A

It forms the septa testis (fibrous partitions) and supports blood vessels, lymphatics, and efferent ductules.

35
Q

What are inside the lobules of the testes?

A

approx 800 seminiferous tubules

36
Q

Where in the gonads does sperm production take place?

A

In the seminiferous tubules

37
Q

Seminiferous tubules merge into __________.

A

Straight tubules

38
Q

What is the rete testis?

A

Maze of passageways formed by the straight tubules

39
Q

What connects the rete testis to the epididymus?

A

15-20 efferent ductules

40
Q

What is between the coiled seminiferous tubules?

A
  1. Connective tissue capsule surrounds tubules 2. Areolar tissue 3. Blood vessels 4. Leydig cells
41
Q

What are leydig cells and what do they produce?

A

Interstitial endocrine cells that produce androgens

42
Q

What structure is the first of the male reproductive tract?

A

The epididymus

43
Q

What is the epididymus?

A

A coiled tube bound to the posterior border of each testis

44
Q

What is the specific function of the head of the epididymus?

A

Receive sperm from the efferent ducts

45
Q

What is the specific function of the tail of the epididymus?

A

Connect to ductus deferens and temporarily store sperm

46
Q

What is the function of the epididymus?

A
  1. Monitor and adjust composition of fluid produced by seminiferous tubules. 2. Recycling center for damaged sperm 3. Stores/protects sperm and facilitates maturation
47
Q

What kind of epithelial cells line the epididymus?

A

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium with stereo cilia for increased absorption/secretion of tubule fluid

48
Q

What 2 mechanisms transport sperm through the epididymus?

A
  1. Peristalsis 2. Fluid movement
49
Q

How long is the ductus deferens and where does it start/lead?

A

40-45cm long, begins @ tail of epididymus, is part of the spermatic cord and ascends through the inguinal canal

50
Q

What is the ampulla of the ductus deferens?

A

Enlarged lumen of the ductus deferens just before the prostate and seminal glands where sperm can be stored for months

51
Q

What kind of epithelial cells line the ductus deferens?

A

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

52
Q

How long is the male urethra and where does it start/lead?

A

18-20cm from bladder to tip of the penis

53
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the male urethra?

A
  1. Prostatic 2. Spongy 3. Membranous
54
Q

How much of the fluid in semen is produced by accessory glands?

A

95%

55
Q

What are the functions of the male accessory glands?

A
  1. Activate sperm 2. Provide nutrients sperm need for motility 3. Propel fluid along tract 4. Produce buffers that counter acidity in urethral/vaginal space
56
Q

What are the seminal vesicles?

A

15cm tubular glands embedded in connective tissue

57
Q

What is exception about the epithelial lining of the seminal vesicles?

A

Extensive folds in epithelial lining are very actively secretory

58
Q

Which accessory gland produces the majority of semen volume?

A

the seminal vesicles

59
Q

Where do the seminal vesicles discharge?

A

Not the ejaculatory duct @ the juncture of the seminal gland and the ampulla of the ductus deferens

60
Q

What is the small muscular organ, 4cm in diameter that encircles the proximal portion of the urethra?

A

The prostate

61
Q

What is prostatic tissue made of? (2)

A

30-50 compound tubule alveolar glands surrounded by smooth muscle fiber

62
Q

How much of semen volume is produced by the prostate?

A

25%

63
Q

Describe prostatic fluid (3)

A

acidic, rich in enzymes, prevents sperm coagulation in the vagina

64
Q

What is prostatitis?

A

Inflammation of the prostate causing pain. Common in older men but can happen at any age, is often mistaken for cancer.

65
Q

What is another name for bulbo urethral glands?

A

Cowper’s glands

66
Q

What are the bulbo urethral glands?

A

10mm diameter, compound tubular mucus glands

67
Q

Where are the bulbo urethral glands located?

A

At the base of the penis, traveling along the spongy urethra

68
Q

What is secreted by the bulbo urethral glands and what does it do?

A

Thick alkaline mucus, which neutralizes acids and lubricates the tip of the penis

69
Q

How much semen volume per ejaculation?

A

2-5mL

70
Q

What is indicated by low semen volume?

A

Problems with the prostate or seminal glands

71
Q

How much sperm in a typical ejaculation?

A

20-100 million

72
Q

What percent of sperm is normal / active in a typical ejaculation?

A

60%

73
Q

What are 4 components of seminal fluid (the liquid in semen)

A
  1. Fructose 2. Prostaglandins 3. Fibrinnogen 4. Enzymes
74
Q

What is the function of fructose in seminal fluid?

A

Provide ‘food’ for sperm

75
Q

What is the function of prostaglandins in seminal fluid?

A

Stimulate muscle contractions in the female and male reproductive tracts

76
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen in seminal fluid?

A

Forms temporary semen clot in the vagina

77
Q

What are the enzymes found in seminal fluid?

A
  1. Proteases
  2. Seminal plasmin antibiotic protein
  3. Prostatic enzymes
  4. Fibrinolysin
78
Q

What is the function of proteases in seminal fluid?

A

Dissolve vaginal mucus

79
Q

What is the function of seminal plasmin antibiotic protein in seminal fluid?

A

Prevent UTI (maybe)

80
Q

What is the function of prostatic enzymes in seminal fluid?

A

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin

81
Q

What is the function of proteases in fibrinolysin?

A

Liquifies clotted semen after 15-30 minutes

82
Q

What is the tubular organ for intercourse and urination?

A

Penis

83
Q

What secretes smegma?

A

Preputial glands

84
Q

What is another word for prepuce?

A

Foreskin

A+P 2 (19 decks)

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