Odema

Question 1

What is oedema

Answer 1

An accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces

Spaces around the cells that make up tissue

Question 2

What is effusion

Answer 2

An increase in amount of synovial fluid without a joint capsule and is a reactive response by the synoviocytes to irritation or trauma

Only around synovial joints due to synoviocytes

Question 3

Extracellular fluid

Answer 3

20% blood plasma

80% interstitial fluid

Question 4

Causes of oedema

Answer 4

INFLAMMATION: vasodilation and increased permeability of capillary so rate is filtration increases eg damage capillary wall localised swelling

NON INFLAMMATION:
Decrease concentration of plasma proteins eg kidney liver disease etc

Alteration of harmodynamics eg left ventricular heart failure which will increase hydrostatic pressure

Blocked lymphatics eg malignancy can’t remove fluid fast enough

Malnutrition- own cells as a source of nutrition

Question 5

Capillaries

Answer 5

Single layer squammous epithelial cells pores between induak cells 8 micro meters

Permiate most tissues

Intricate network muscles tissues branch beneath the epithelial bass lamina

Only blood vessels that walls permit the exchange between the blood and surrounding interstitial tissues

Slow blood flow allow time for exchange- diffusion or active transport

Continuous capillary is most common = small nutrient molecules filter out RBC too big to filter out

Question 6

Extracellular fluid

Answer 6

Extracellular fluid=

Fluid outside of body cells within body controls homeostasis by maintaining osmotic balance between capillary bed and interstitial spaces allow diffusion filtration absorption

20% blood plasma and 80% interstitial fluid

Blood plasma: straw colours fluid hold blood cells

Interstitial fluid: surrounds tissue makes up majority of extracellular fluid provides body with the means if removal of waste products

Question 7

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Answer 7

Solute concentration
Hydrostatic pressure

Pressure declines from arteriolar end to venous end

**Osmotic pressure relatively stable

Net movement out at arteriole end and in at venous end -see diagram

Water low to high osmotic pressure
and a high to low hydrostatic pressure net flow determined by the balance of hydrostatic and colloid pressure more filtration than absorption

Question 8

Filtration abd absorption in capillary bed

Answer 8

24 L of fluid out of capillary bed into interstitial fluid

20.4 L if fluid absorped remaining flows through the tissues and lymphatic system and eventually returns to Venus system

Question 9

Continuous movement of water out of capillaries and through periferal tissues and back to blood stream has 4 functions

Answer 9

1. Ensure plasma and interstitial fluid have constant communication and mutual exchange
2. Accelerate distribution of hormones gases nutrients to tissues
3. Assist transport of insoluble lipids and tissue proteins that can’t re enter the blood stream by crossing capillary walls
4. Flushing actions that carry bacterial toxins and other chemical stimuli to lymphoid tissues and other organs responsible for providing immunity

Question 10

(6) factors that contribute to oedema

Answer 10

1. Increased hydrostatic pressure
2. Reduced osmotic pressure
   within blood vessels
3. increased tissue osmotic pressure
4. increased blood vessel wall permeability (inflammation)
5. Obstruction of fluid clearance of lymphatic system
6. Changes in water retaining properties in tissue themselves (raised hydrostatic pressure)

Question 11

Oedema x2 pathways

Answer 11

Soft mobile swelling

1. Resolution
2. fluid reabsorbed by healing process swelling goes down
3. organisation build up of fibrous cells
4. Becomes hard and consolidated and not reabsorbed