Blood

Question 1

Normal hematocrit

Answer 1

Males- 39-50%

Females- 35-45%

Question 2

Leukocytes and platelets consist of what % of blood

Answer 2

1% - Erythrocytes are 44%, plasma is 55%

Question 3

Plasma proteins

Answer 3

Primarily Albumin, Globulins and Fibrinogen

Question 4

Serum

Answer 4

Blood plasma without clotting factors

Question 5

Albumin

Answer 5

Main protein component (50%), made in liver
Responsible for concentration gradient b/w blood and EC tissue fluid
Source of colloid osmotic pressure (pulls fluid into blood)
Carrier protein for thyroxine, bilirubin and barbiturates

Question 6

Globulins

Answer 6

IgM, IgG etc.. y-globulins

a-globulin and b-globulins maintain osmotic pressure

Question 7

Fibrinogen

Answer 7

Largest plasma protein, made in liver
Involved in formation of platelet plug
Interacts with thrombin to make fibrin which cross links and forms and impermeable net to prevent further blood loss

Question 8

Erythrocytes

Answer 8

Bind O2 and CO2 for deliver/removal from tissues

120 day lifespan

Question 9

Reticulocytes

Answer 9

Anucleate, immature RBCs, reflect erythroid proliferation
Will stain blue due to residual ribosomal RNA
They enter circulation, then lose polyribosomes, then mature as RBC
0.5-1% of RBC count

Question 10

Anemia

Answer 10

Insufficient dietary iron, B12 or folic acid can lead to decreased RBC production

Question 11

Sickle cell disease

Answer 11

Due to point mutation in b-globulin chain of HbA, Glutamic acid–>Valine
Low O2 or dehydration causes Hb to precipitate and sickling of cells- heterozygotes usually asymptomatic
Makes blood more viscous, RBCs more fragile (20 day lifespan instead of 120
Can pile up and occlude small or large vessels

Question 12

Jaundice

Answer 12

Results from buildup of bilirubin in blood
Can be caused by destruction of circulating RBCs
Can be common in newborns due to inefficiency of newborn liver

Question 13

Types of leukocytes listed in highest concentration to lowest

Answer 13

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

Question 14

Neutrophils

Answer 14

Multi-lobed nucleus, general lack of cytoplasmic staining
Azurophilic granules- lysosomes w/myeloperoxidase
Specific granules- enzymes, complement activators, antimicrobial peptides

Question 15

Eosinophiols

Answer 15

Abundance of large, acidophilic granules staining intensely pink or red
May mediate chronic inflammation

Question 16

Basophils

Answer 16

Basophilic, specific granules that stain intensely purple
Release vasoactive agents
Supplement function of mast cells
Responsible for type I hypersensitivity reaction and anaphylaxis- think allergic

Question 17

Lymphocytes

Answer 17

Intensely staining, spherical nucleus with thin, pale blue rim of cytoplasm
Become T, B or NK cells

Question 18

Monocytes

Answer 18

Indented, horseshoe shaped nucleus w/paler cytoplasm
Small, azurophilic granules
Become macrophage, osteoclast, Kupffer cells(liver), microglia (brain)

Question 19

Thrombocytes

Answer 19

Small
Membrane bound, cytoplasmic fragments
Derived from megakaryocyte
10 day lifespan
Contain granules that release platelet-specific proteins, control blood loss, homeostasis

Question 20

Bands

Answer 20

Immature neutrophils with banded nucleus instead of lobe
See more of these when there’s a large increase in Myeloid (neutrophil precursor) proliferation such as during serious bacterial infection or cancer