Chapter 6

Question 1

acid

Answer 1

A substance that increases the concentration of H+ when added to water.

Question 2

acidic solution

Answer 2

One in which the activity of H+ is greater than the activity of OH-

Question 3

amine

Answer 3

A compound with the general formula RNH2, R2NH, or R3N, where R is any group of atoms.

Question 4

ammonium ion

Answer 4

The ammonium ion is NH4+. An ammonium ion is any ion of the type RNH3+, R2NH2+, R3NH+, or R4N+, where R is an organic substituent.

Question 5

aprotic solvent

Answer 5

One that cannot donate protons (hydrogen ions) in an acid-base reaction.

Question 6

autoprotolysis

Answer 6

The reaction in which two molecules of the same species transfer a proton from one to the other.

Question 7

base

Answer 7

A substance that decreases the concentration of H+ when added to water.

Question 8

basic solution

Answer 8

One in which the activity of OH- is greater than the activity of H+.

Question 9

Bronsted-Lowry acid

Answer 9

A proton donor.

Question 10

Bronsted-Lowry base

Answer 10

A proton acceptor.

Question 11

carboxylate anion

Answer 11

Conjugate base (RCO2-) of a carboxylic acid.

Question 12

common ion effect

Answer 12

Occurs when a salt is dissolved in a solution already containing one of the ions of the salt. The salt is less soluble than it would be in a solution without that extra ion. An application of Le Chatelier’s principle.

Question 13

complex ion

Answer 13

Historical name for any ion containing two or more ions or molecules that are each stable by themselves.

Question 14

conjugate acid-base pair

Answer 14

An acid and a base that differ only through the gain or loss of a single proton.

Question 15

coprecipitation

Answer 15

Occurs when a substance whose solubility is not exceeded precipitates along with one whose solubility is exceeded.

Question 16

disproportionation

Answer 16

A reaction in which an element in one oxidation state gives products containing that element in both high and low oxidation states.

Question 17

endothermic reaction

Answer 17

One for which deltaH is positive; heat must be supplied to reactants for them to react.

Question 18

enthalpy change

Answer 18

The heat absorbed or released when a reaction occurs at constant pressure.

Question 19

entropy

Answer 19

A measure of the disorder of a substance.

Question 20

exothermic reaction

Answer 20

One for which deltaH is negative; heat is liberated when products are formed.

Question 21

hydronium ion

Answer 21

H3O+; What we really mean when we write H+.

Question 22

ion pair

Answer 22

A closely associated anion and cation, held together by electrostatic attraction. In solvents less polar than water, ions are usually found as ion pairs.

Question 23

Le Chatelier’s principle

Answer 23

If a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the direction in which it proceeds back to equilibrium is such that the disturbance is partly offset.

Question 24

Lewis acid

Answer 24

One that can form a chemical bond by sharing a pair of electrons donated by another species.

Question 25

Lewis base

Answer 25

One that can form a chemical bond by sharing a pair of its electrons with another species.

Question 26

ligand

Answer 26

An atom or a group attached to a central atom in a molecule. The term is often used to mean any group attached to anything else of interest.

Question 27

neutralization

Answer 27

Process in which a stoichiometric equivalent of acid is added to a base (or vice versa).

Question 28

polyprotic acid or base

Answer 28

Compound that can donate or accept more than one proton.

Question 29

protic solvent

Answer 29

One with an acidic hydrogen atom.

Question 30

salt

Answer 30

An ionic solid.

Question 31

saturated solution

Answer 31

One that contains the maximum amount of a compound that can dissolve at equilibrium.

Question 32

standard state

Answer 32

The standard state of a solute is 1 M and the standard state of a gas is 1 bar. Pure solids and liquids are considered to be in their standard states. In equilibrium constants, dimensionless concentrations are expressed as a ratio of the concentration of each species to its concentration in its standard state.