Metabolism - Lecture Thirty-Eight Flashcards
Fuel Metabolism 1
Symptoms of diabetes
Fatigue Weight loss Intense thirst Frequent urination Hyperglycaemia Glucosuria Ketones
Long-term complications of high glucose
Retinopathy Nephropathy Neuropathy Cardiovascular disease Peripheral vascular disease
Insulin
Peptide hormone
When is insulin secreted?
In response to high glucose (after a meal)
Where is insulin synthesised?
In the pancreas by beta cells
What does insulin act on?
Liver, muscle and adipose tissue
Insulin inhibits
Glyconeogenesis Ketogenesis Lipolysis Proteolysis Glycogenolysis
Insulin promotes
Glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue
Protein synthesis
Glycogen synthesis
TAG uptake, fatty acid synthesis
Metabolic consequences of lack of insulin
Impaired glucose uptake and storage by muscle
Increased mobilisation of glycogen
Increased glucose synthesis
Increased lipolysis
Increased ketone body synthesis
Reduced removal of triacylglycerols from blood
Increased breakdown of tissue protein
Treatment of Diabetes Type I
Injections of human insulin (recombinant human insulin) which aims to mimic normal rise in insulin caused by meals
Treatment of Diabetes Type II
Tissues resistant to insulin, therefore aim to increase sensitivity of tissues to insulin by: weight loss, increased exercise and hypoglycaemic drugs such as: sulphonylureas, glitazones (insulin injection, if necessary)
Hypoglycaemia
Caused by too much insulin
Glucose < 1.0mmol.L-1
Coma
