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Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2 > GI: Disorders of Upper/Lower Systems > Flashcards

GI: Disorders of Upper/Lower Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Emesis Defense Mechanism

A

rid of toxic substances

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2
Q

“vomiting center”

A

in medulla

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3
Q

Emetics

A 
induce vomiting
emergency only (poisons/overdose) > risk for aspiration/exacerbation of tissues if caustic substance
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4
Q

Intractable n/v =

A

suspect bowel obstruction

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5
Q

Afferent/vagal splanchnic fibers

A

stimulate vomiting
distension irritation infection obstruction dysmotility
receptor: vagal, 5-HT

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6
Q

Vestibular System

A

stimulate vomiting
motion infection
receptors: histamine, muscarinic, cholinergic

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7
Q

Higher CNS Centers

A

stimulate vomiting
ICP infection tumor hemorrhage sights smells emotions
Receptors: various

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8
Q

Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone

A

located outside BBB (near medulla)
stimulate vomiting
opioids chemo toxins hypoxia uremia acidosis radiation therapy
Receptors: 5-HT and Dopamine

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9
Q

CAM Antiemetics

A

peppermint

ginger

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10
Q

Serotonin Receptor Antagonist (AntiEmetics)

A

ondansetron (-trons)
block 5HT receptors
TX: prophylaxis of chemo/radiation induced N/V and post op N/V
SE: constipation diarrhea headache hypoxia [severe: prolonged QT torsades serotonin syndrome]
interx: SSRIs/SNRIs/MAOIs/mirtazpine/fentanyl/lithium/tramadol (serotonin syndrome)
C

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11
Q

Anticholinergic/Antihistamines (AntiEmetics)

A

scopolamine, meclizine
tx: post op N/V, motion sickness
SE: xerostomia dizziness somnolence blurred vision mydriasis (dilation) [serious: glaucoma psychotic disorder eclampsia]
contra: acute angle glaucoma
interx: other anticholinergics/cns depressants
C

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12
Q

Phenothiazines

A

Antiemetic/Anti Dopaminergic/Anti Psychotic
prochlorperazine promethazine
blocks dopamine receptors in brain/inhibits signals to vomiting center in medulla
TX: severe n/v, given rectally but also po/im
SE: anticholinergic symptoms dry mouth sedation constipation orthostatic hypotension tachycardia extrapyramidal symptoms
BBW: elderly w/ dementia = death
contra: comatose pts, children <2/<20lbs, narrow-angle glaucoma, BMS, severe hepatic/cardiac impairment
interx: CNS depressants
TCAs = hypotensive effects/anticholinergic effects
C

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13
Q

Benzamides (Antiemetic/Antidopaminergic)

A

metoclopramide trimethobenzamide HCL
promotes motility in upper GI tract/increases gastric emptying
TX: chemo/GERD/gastroparesis/post-op N/V
SE: fluid retention headache somnolence fatigue [serious: nms tardive dyskinesia]
BBW: irreversible tardive dyskinesia
contra: epilepsy, GI hemorrhage, obstruction/perforation, pheochromocytoma (htn crisis)
interx: antipsychotics, snris, ssris, tcas (nms) - decreased digoxin levels, insulin (hyperglycemia)
C

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14
Q

Esophageal Disorders common manifestations

A

pain
alteration in ingestion
bleeding

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15
Q

Acquired esophageal disorders

A

rings/webs
diverticula
tumors
hiatal hernia

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16
Q

congenital esophageal disorders

A

webs

esophageal atresia

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17
Q

traumatic esophageal disorders

A

perforation
mallory-weiss tear
foreign bodies
food impaction

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18
Q

motiilty esophageal disorders

A

dysphagia
achalasia
diffuse esophageal spasms

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19
Q

mucosal integrity esophageal disorders

A

GERD
barret esophagus
esophagitis

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20
Q

System disease r/tesophageal

A

scleroderma esophagus

dermatologic disease

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21
Q

Esophageal rings

A

circular ring either membrane or muscular around esophageal lumen (not always narrowing)

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22
Q

B Ring

A

most common

found at gastroesophageal junction (membraneous)

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23
Q

Schatzi Ring

A

cases dysphagia

symptomatic B ring

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24
Q

A Ring

A

less common
occurs higher in lower esophagus
muscular in nature

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25
Q

Esophageal Rings s/s

A

can be asymptomatic
dysphagia dependent on degree of obstruction
dysphagia often chronic/episodic
symptoms of heartburn/regurgitation

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26
Q

esophageal rings tx

A

dietary restrictions
first ling: endoscopic dilation therapy
incisional is eh

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27
Q

Esophageal Webs

A

tin, membranous tissue in esophageal lumen
decreases diameter of esophageal lumen
can be congenital or acquired

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28
Q

esophageal webs s/s

A 
can be asymptomatic
typical presentation: dysphagia w/ solids
acute food impaction 
nasopharyngeal reflux/aspiration
spontaneous perforation
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29
Q

esophageal webs tx

A

dietary restrictions

first ling: endoscopic dilation therapy

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30
Q

esophagitis

A

irritation and inflammation of esophageal tissues leads to esophageal damage

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31
Q

types of esophagitis

A

eosinophilic (many causes)
radiation (tx of thoracic cancers)
corrosive
pill (lodged pill)

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32
Q

Esophageal diverticula

A

pressure increase in esophageal lumen > mucosa protrudes thru weakened wall > produces outpouching

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33
Q

esophageal diverticula eitology

A

acquired
most common in impaired motility of esophagus
can be r/t inflammatory disease of mediastinum

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34
Q

esophageal diverticula s/s

A 
mostly asymptomatic
can have dysphagia/heartburn
gurgling audible during swallowing with stethoscope maybe
neck mass if large
need a scope to confirm
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35
Q

esophageal diverticula tx

A

depends

surgical for large (but risk for irritation/inflammation)

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36
Q

esophageal perforation

A

tear/rupture and hole through esophageal layers

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37
Q

esophageal perforation causes

A 
endoscopy/ng tube insertion/intraoperative injury
foreign body
caustic substance
blunt/penetrating trauma
malignancy/infection
forceful vomiting
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38
Q

esophageal perforation s/s

A 
pain
pneumomediastinum
crepitus
system infection/sepsis
hematemesis (mallory-weiss tear)
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39
Q

esophageal perforation tx

A 
varies
always npo
decompressive therapies
esophageal stent
surgery
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40
Q

hiatal hernia

A

herniation of stomach through esophageal hiatus of diaphragm
lower esophageal sphincter permits reflux of gastric contents
sliding or paraesophageal
multifactoral

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41
Q

Hiatal Hernia s/s

A

can by asymptotic
involves symptoms of gerd
type 4 (dyspnea, exercise intolerance, syncope, audible bowel sounds @ lung base)

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42
Q

hiatal hernia tx

A

medications for symptomatic gastric reflux

maybe surgery

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43
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

A

failure of LES and diaphragm to prevent reentry of gastric contents
reflux of acid/pepsin/bile in esophagus
development of esophageal erosions/ulcerations
multifactorial

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44
Q

GERD risk factors

A 
decreased LES tone
pregnancy
obesity
impaired gastric motility
surgical vagotomy
decreased edogenous gastrin levels
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45
Q

GERD s/s

A

heartburn epigastric pain regurgitation after meals
extra-esophageal symptoms: acid injury to tooth enamel, throat pain, hoarseness, dysphonia, excessive throat clearing, chronic cough, globus, dysphagia
serious comp: esophageal cancer

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46
Q

GERD TX

A

medication (PPI h2 receptor blockers antacids)
diet
behavioral/lifestyle changes
surgery

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47
Q

Barret Esophagus

A

chronic exposure to gastric secretions (GERD)
esophageal stem cell metaplasia into columnar cells (rougher and pink)
can devlop carcinoma

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48
Q

Barrett Esophagus s/s

A

heartburn

regurgitation

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49
Q

Barret Esophagus tx

A

aggressive treatment of GERD (reversible)

biopsies

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50
Q

Esophageal Cancer

A

division of abnormal cells in esophagus = malignant growth/tumor
RF: smoking, GERD, obesity

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51
Q

esophageal cancer s/s

A 
progressive dysphagia for solids
weight loss
heartburn
hoarseness
dry cough
pneumonia
odynophagia
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52
Q

esophageal cancer tx

A

chemo/radiation/surgery
palliative stenting
prevention: fruits/veggies in diet

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53
Q

associated cardinal GI symptoms

A

pain
altered ingestion
altered digestion
gi bleeding

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54
Q

stomach disorders of secretion

A 
peptic ulcer disease
ulcers
gastrinoma
gastritis
stomach cancer
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55
Q

stomach disorders of motility

A

gastroparesis
gastric outlet obstruction
pyloric stenosis

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56
Q

peptic ulcer disease

A

increased gastric acid secretion (pepsin & HCl) > weakened mucosa > erosion/ulceration

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57
Q

peptic ulcer disease causes

A

most common: h. pylori infection/NSAIDS

Risk factors: smoking, caffeine, excessive alcohol/drug use, stress

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58
Q

PUD s/s

A

may be asymptomatic

epigastric pain/dyspepsia > bleeding/obstruction > perforation/peritonitis (x-ray will show free air under diaphragm)

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59
Q

PUD tx

A

id causative factor
h. pylori (3 or 4 ABX)
NSAIDS (h2 receptor antag and stop NSAID)
promote ulcer healing, prevent recurrence (healing takes 4-8 weeks)

60
Q

PUD additional medications

A

combo abx
sucralfate (coats ulcer/pretoects it - avoid antacids w/in 30 min r/t constipation -B)
misoprostol (prostaglandin E analogue, inhibits acid/stimulates production of mucus - X)
metoclopramide (makes upper intestines contract - contra for tardive dyskinesia/obstruction/perforation/hemorrhage/pheochromocytoma)

61
Q

Peritonitis

A

inflammation of ab cavity/lining due to infection or organ perforation

62
Q

Peritonitis causes

A

perforations in stomach/intestine/gallbladder/appendix
PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) in women due to STI
can develop after surgery

63
Q

Peritonitis s/s

A 
ab tenderness 
pain
vomiting
fever
decreased GI tract activity
bowel obstruction 
increased WBC
free air/gas in cavity indicates a rupture
64
Q

peritontis tx

A

abx or surgery if needed

65
Q

Proton Pump Inhibitors

A

Antiulcer
omeprazole (-prazoles)
reduce acid secretion by binding irreversibly to ions
tx: short term for PUD GERD and erosive esophagitis
takes a little bit to reach therapeutic levels
SE: HA, n, diarrhea, rash ab pain (longterm: increased risk of cancer, atrophic gastritis and hypomagnesemia)
admin: before breakfast on empty stomach
contra: under 18 yrs old
interx: diazepam, phenytoin, CNS depressant (increase levels), warfarin/alcohol/ginko&st. john’s wort
C

66
Q

H2 Receptor Antagonists

A

Antiulcer
rantidine (tidine)
block H2 receptors in stomach to decrease acid production
TX: PUD
SE: HA (cimetidine crosses BBB = confusion/CNS depression) possible decrease in RBC/WBC/platlets impotence
admin: after meals/monitor liver/renal fx
contra: acute porphyria rantidine only give to children
interx: -conazoles)
B

67
Q

Antacids

A

antiheartburn
calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, combs
neutralizes stomach acid by increasing pH of stomach
does not reduce volume of acid secretion
TX: relief of heartburn r/t PUD/GERD
SE: constipation (^ aluminum doses = hypophosphatemia)
admin: 2 hours before/after other drugs
contra: bowel obstruction
interx: aluminum inhibits absorption of iron
C

68
Q

Gastritis Acute

A

imbalance between mucosal injury/repair
mucosal hyperemia/erosive changes
transient mucosal inflammation
mucosal atrophy > loss of glands/parietal cells >chronic lymphoplasmacytic inflammation >intestinal metaplasia

69
Q

Gastritis Chronic

A

begins w/ superficial gastritis
progresses to atrophic gastritis then gastric atrophy
gastric glandular structures are lost/converted to intestinal phenotypes (metaplasia)
gastric atrophy (precursor to cancer)
h. pylori organisms > mucous layer of surface epithelium > foci of acute/chronic inflammation > intestinal metaplasia

70
Q

Acute gastritis causes

A 
infection induce (h. pylori)
drug-induced (nsaids, steroids, chemotherapy, alchol, iron)
ulcerhemorrhagic (due to critical illness/stress, ischemic changes by shock/hypotension/vasoactive substances) hematemesis, melena
71
Q

Chronic gastritis causes

A

type a: autoimmune (crohn’s disease, wegener granulomatosis, sarcoidosis) slow onset and ^ risk of adenocarcinoma
type be: infection induced (h. pylori) carbon urea breath tests
comp: duodenal/gastric ulcers/carcinoma/mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

72
Q

Chronic Gastritis Type A (5As)

A 
autoimmune
autoantibodies
pernicious anemia
achlorhydria
adenocarcinoma
73
Q

Gastritis manifestations

A 
mostly asymptomatic
mild dyspepsia
underlying condition can mask symptoms
ab pain/upset
burning sensation in chest/upper ab
feeling of fullness
bloating
belching
reflux
severe: n/v gi bleed fever weight loss
74
Q

Gastritis Acute tx

A

elimination of causative agent/exacerbating factors (ie h pylori)
meds to tx dyspepsia (PPI/histamine blocker)
surgery for gi bleed

75
Q

chronic gastritis tx

A

elimination of causative agent/exacerbating factors (ie h pylori)
acupuncture
surgery for gi bleed
meds: sucralfate/misoprostol

76
Q

chronic gastritis type A meds

A

abx and vitamin b12

77
Q

chronic gastritis type B meds

A

1 week of triple therapy (amoxicillin, clarithromycin, PPI)

metronidazole if allergic to PCN

78
Q

Gastric Outlet Obstruction

A

mechanical obstruction in pyloric region
causes
malignancy/surgical/interventional induced obstruction

79
Q

Gastric Outlet obsruction s/s

A 
ab pain
distention 
bloating
n/v
dehyration 
weight loss
early satiety
80
Q

gastric outlet obstruction tx

A

benign: NG tube suction, meds to suppress gastric acid production, IV fluid/electrolyte replacement, nutritional supplementation, trial liquid diet, endoscopic balloon dilation or surgery
malignant: stenting, chemo, dilation, surgery

81
Q

infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

pylorus muscle hypertrophy > gastric outlet obstruction

unknown etiology

82
Q

infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis s/s

A

begins 4-6 weeks of age
gradual onset of worsening non-bilious projectile vomiting
hunger/eagerness to feed after vomiting
dehydration/weight loss
peristalsis visible in upper abdomen
palpable mass may be present in right upper abdomen
hypochloremia hypokalemia metabolic alkalosis

83
Q

infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis tx

A

surgery

84
Q

gastric cancer

A

arises from gastric mucosa (adenocarcinoma 85%) or connective tissue of gastric wall/neuroendocrine tissue/lymphoid tissue

85
Q

gastric cancer causes

A 
h. pylori infection
cigarette smoking
high alcohol ingestion 
excessive dietary salt
inadequate fruit/veggies
pernicious anemia
high-nitrate idet
 low incidence in US (high in korea/japan)
86
Q

Gastric cancer s/s

A 
most common: weight loss/ab pain
mostly asymptomatic until too late
dysphagia
nausea
early satiety
occult GI bleed
palpable ab mass
87
Q

gastric cancer tx

A

radiation
chemo
surgical resection (gastrectomy)
prognosis poor: <20% 5 year survival

88
Q

Absorption lower GI tract

A

chyme enters small bowel thru duodenum

89
Q

Bowel primary site of absorption of

A

nutrients and vitamins
electrolytes
water

90
Q

Osmotic Diarrhea

A

ex. lactose intolerance

large volume drawing water into lumen = hypotonic diarrhea w/out mucosal inflammation

91
Q

Secretory diarrhea

A

ex cholera toxin
largevolume secondary to stim of cyclic amp mechanism for chloride secretion =
loss of chloride-rich isotonic fluid w/out mucosal inflammation

92
Q

Inflammatory diarrhea

A

ex ulcerative colitis, crohn’s disease
low volume diarrhea w/ acute/chronic inflammation
= frequency &urgency = colicky pain

93
Q

diarrhea tx

A

opiods/opioid derivatives
diphenoxylate slows peristalis) acts 45-60 min [moderate diarrhea]
loperamide (up to 16 mg/day, may lead to drowsiness)
Psyllium preperations (absorb large amounts of fluid = blukier stools w/ full glass of water)
use probiotic supplements w/ to correct altered GI flora

94
Q

diphenoxylate w/ atropine

loperamide hydrochloride

A

antidiarrheal (slows peristalsis to allow more time for water reabsorption)
not recommended for infants
atropine offsets opioid affects (but anticholinergic effects @ higher doses)
SE: dizziness, drowsiness, may be habit forming (lomotil),
contra: severe liver disease, obstructive jaundice, dehydration/electrolyte imbalance, narrow-angle glaucoma
interx: CNS depressants
MAOI = HTN crisis
overdose: naloxone

95
Q

Laxatives

A

promote evacuation of bowel

tx/prevents constipation

96
Q

Cathartic Drugs

A

stronger/complete bowel emptying
prep for surgery/diagnostic procedures
used prophylactic after ab surgery

97
Q

Bulk-Forming Laxative

A 
calcium polycarbophil
methylcellulose
psyllium mucilloid
contain fiber for chronic constipation 
must be taken with lots of water
not used when rapid action needed
98
Q

Saline Cathartic/Osmotic

A

lactulose
magnesium hydroxide
Miralax
sodium biphosphate
can produce BM very quickly (should not be used regularly)
possibility of dehydration and F/E depletion
used for colonoscopy prep/purging

99
Q

Stimulant Laxatives

A

biascodyl
promote peristalsis by irritating bowel mucosa
rapid acting
causes diarrhea/cramping
can cause laxative dependence/depletion of F/E

100
Q

Stool Softener/Surfacants

A

docusate
promotes water absorption in intestine
used to prevent constipation usually post-op

101
Q

Herbal Agents

A

castor oil
senna
peristalsis by irritating bowel mucosa

102
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome patho

A

ab discomfort w/ altered bowel habits
absence of any organic cause
visceral hypersensitivity frequent finding
intestinal inflammation w/ presence of lymphocytes/mast cells/proinflammatory cytokines
IBS- C (constipation) D (Diarrhea) M (mixed) U(Unclassified)

103
Q

IBS etiology

A

can be stress/cns/psychologically related
unsure
typically 20-40 years old
usually female

104
Q

IBS s/s

A 
chronic/relapsing ab pain, bloating, changes in BM (ex diarrhea/constipation)
cramps
can be triggered after eating
can include nausesa
lethargy
backache
bladder symptoms
105
Q

IBS TX

A

medication, education, lifestyle/diet changes
Diarrhea: anticholinergic meds (dicyclomine or hyscyamine)
Constipation: linaclotide (can lead to dependence)

106
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

chronic inflammatory condition
mucosal layers of colon
continuous lesion can extend into proximal colon
remitting inflammation
bowel changes: epithelial damage, crypt abscesses, loss of goblet cells

107
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A 
chronic inflammatory condition 
involves any part of GI tract
transmural inflammation of bowel 
skip lesions
inflamm/destruction of bowel
108
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

A

UC and Crohn’s

109
Q

Ulcerative Colitis s/s

A 
fever
loss of appetite
weight loss
fatigue
night sweats
bloody/mucoid diarrhea
dehydration 
anemia
crampy ab pain 
pain w/ defecation 
toxic megacolon (needs blood tranfusion or surgery)
110
Q

Crohn Disease s/s

A 
fever 
loss of appetite
weight loss
fatigue
night sweats
nause
vomiting
diarrhea w/ or w/out blood
ab pain 
pain with defecation
111
Q

Crohn Disease complications

A

bowel strictures
obstructions
perforations
intraabdominal abscesses

112
Q

IBD etiology

A 
not completely understood
females > males
whites
CD: bimodal peaks 10-30 then 50-70
UC: peaks 20-30 years [more common]
113
Q

IBD TX

A

optimize quality of life by tx acute process
nutrition
healthy lifestyle
anti inflammatory agents (5-aminosalicylic acid/corticosteroids)
immunosuppressants (cyclosporine, methotrexate, theopurines)
anti-tumore necrosis factor agents
ABX
probiotics
surgery

114
Q

Extraintestinal symptoms of ulceratie colities

A 
episclerities (red streak through eye)
kidney sontes
fistulae
UTI
pyoderma grangrenosum (skin lesion)
phlebitis
peripheral arthritis
steatosis
gallstones
lesions on tongue
115
Q

Bowel Obstruction

A

usually in small bowel

116
Q

Bowel obstruction complications

A

strangulation
bowel necrosis
perforation > sepsis > death

117
Q

Bowel obstruction etiology

HANG IV

A 
usually due to adhesions
hernia
adhesions
neoplasm/tumor
gallstone ileus
intussusception 
volvulus
118
Q

bowel obstruction s/s

A 
hyperactive, high-pitched bowel sounds
absent bowel sounds if ileus develops
ab pain
n/v
ab distention
inability to pass gas/stool
119
Q

bowel obstruction tx

A 
gastric decompression (NG) w/ IV fluids
surgery
if strangulation/bowel ischemia = emergency surgery
120
Q

Herniation

A

protrusion of intestinal contents thru hole in abdominal wall

121
Q

Volvulus

A

twisting of bowel & mesenteric root > intestinal obstruction & ischemic necrosis of twisted intestinal loops

122
Q

Intussusception

A

segment of intestines grow on top of each other (usually 0 -18 months)

123
Q

Hirschsprung Disease

A 
congenital agonglionic megacolon 
no meconium when born 
no ganglion cells in rectum/sigmoid colon 
causes intestinal obstruction
constipation/ab distention/vomiting
males > females 
associated w/ Down syndrome 
dx: imaging/biopsy
tx: resection of affected segment
124
Q

Celiac Disease

A 
gluten-sensitivity
severity varies
immune-mediated
increased lymphocytes, epithelial proliferation w/ crypt elongation 
TX: gluten-free diet and products
125
Q

Diverticular

A 
small outpouchings (herniations) colonic mucosa
protrude thru muscle layers of colon wall
126
Q

diverticulosis

A

diverticula w/out evidence of inflammation

127
Q

diverticulitis

A

inflamed diverticula

128
Q

Diverticular Disease

A

usually @ where feeder artery penetrates thru colon wall (can become compressed/eroded)
low grade inflammation
mucosal herniation b/c of contractions @ area of weakness

129
Q

Diverticular disease complications

A 
inflammation w/ abscess
fistula (connection where there shouldn't be ex bowel to skin)
obstruction 
bleeding
perforation
130
Q

Diverticular Disease causes

A 
low-fiber diet
NSAID use
advanced age
obesity
lack of exercise
131
Q

Diverticular Disease s/s

A 
sudden, constant ab pain in LLQ
ab distention/nausea
diarrhea
constipation 
decreased appetite
fiver
tachycardia
hypotension
132
Q

Diverticular Disease TX

A

outpatient: clear liquid diet, broad spectrum ABX
inpatient: [required if suspected peritonitis] IV fluids, ABX, NPO
surgery

133
Q

Meckel’s Diverticulum

A

sac-like outpouching of small intestine wall at birth in distal ileum
2% of pop
@ in in length
2 ft from ileocecal valve
2% are symptomatic
if symptomatic (painless rectal bleeding > obstruction) = surgery

134
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

abnormal engorgement of vascular mucosal cushions

internal or external

135
Q

hemorrhoids causes

A

straining during bm
increased intraab pressure
pregnancy
portal HTN

136
Q

hemorrhoids s/s

A 
hematochezia (blood from anus)
itching
perianal discomfort
soiling
Large: rectual fullness feeling, incomplete evacuation
137
Q

hemorrhoids tx (stageI/II and III/IV)

A

diet changes, topical glucocorticoids, vasoconstrictors, analgesics, sclerotherapy
hemorrhoidal banding, hemorrhoidectomy

138
Q

Adenomas

A

polyps
precursor to most colorectal cancers
form in glandular structures of intestinal mucosal epthelium

139
Q

colon cancer

A

in ascending/transverse/descending colon

140
Q

rectal cancer

A

15 cm from anus

141
Q

colorectal cancers s/s

A 
EARLY: usually asymptomatic
hematochezia
anemia
changes in BM habits
weight loss
fatigue
ab pain
142
Q

colorectal cancer modifiable risk factors

A 
obesity
sedentary lifestyle
smoking
mod - heavy alcohol intake
^ red/processed meats
low fruit/veggie intake
143
Q

colorectal cancer hereditary/medical risk factors

A 
family history
IBD
genetic factors (lynch syndrome)
Type 2 DM
Aging
144
Q

colorectal cancers protective factors

A

whole-grain fiber diet

use of aspirin

145
Q

colorectal cancers screening

A

colonoscopy

occult blood

146
Q

appendicitis

A

obstruction thought to lead to bacterial overgrowth/distention/inflammation
appendix can become gangrenous and rupture
cause not truly understood
tx: surgery

147
Q

appendicitis s/s

A

cramping ab pain, tenderness w/ palpation of RLQ, n/v, increased WBC, low grade fever

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2 (27 decks)

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