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MD3001 - Respiratory Anatomy > Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx > Flashcards

Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • warm, humidify and filter air
  • Olfaction
  • Help produce sound
  • Provide O2 and remove CO2
  • Acid-base balance (respiratory)
  • Protective and relexic non-breathing air movements
  • assisst circulation of blood and lymph towards the heart
  • help adbominal muscles during defecation, partutition and lifting heavy objects
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2
Q

Give the 3 critical functions of the respiratory system

A
  • Ventilation
  • gas exchange
  • ultilisation of oxygen
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3
Q

What features are in the upper respiratory tract according to anatomical division?

A
  • nose
  • nasopharynx
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4
Q

What features are in the lower respiratory tract according to anatomical division?

A
  • Larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchial tree (terminal bronchioles)
  • alveolar ducts
  • pulmonary alveoli
  • alveolar sac
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5
Q

What features are in the upper respiratory tract according to functional division?

A
  • nose (nasal cavity)
  • nasopharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchial tree (terminal bronchioles)
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6
Q

What features are in the lowerrespiratory tract according to functional division?

A
  • alveolar ducts
  • pulmonary alveoli
  • alveolar sac
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7
Q

What are the functional divisions of the respiratory tract?

A

conducting and respiratory

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8
Q

What is the nose/nasal cavity?

A

A “box” made of bone and cartilage to hold the cavity open

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9
Q

What are the nares supported by?

A

cartilages

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10
Q

What is the function of the muscles around the nostrils?

A
  • act as sphincters or dilators
  • control tje diameter of the nares and adjust airflow (better at dilation)
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11
Q
A

blue = procerus

red = nasalis

green = levator labii superiosis alaeque nasi

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12
Q

What do the nostils lea immediately to?

A

the nasal vestibule

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13
Q

What are the nostrils lined by? And what is the function of this?

A

skin that has hair follicles

the first air filters

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14
Q

Describe the medial wall of the septum

A

A bone (vomer and ethmoid) posteriorly and cartilage anteriorly

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15
Q

What bones make up the medial wall of the septum?

A

Vomer and ethmoid

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16
Q
A

Purple = ethmoid

Green = vomer

Blue = cartilage

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17
Q

What makes up the roof od the septum?

A

nasa, frontal, ehtmoid and sphenoid bones

olfactory region

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18
Q

What makes up the floor of the septum?

A

palatine bones and maxilla

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19
Q
A

Red = nasal

blue = frontal

green = ethmoid

pink = sphenoid

black = hard and soft palate

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20
Q

What makes up the lateral wall of the nasal septum?

A

Conchae (turbinates)

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21
Q

What do concha form?

A

meatuses

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22
Q

What is the function of meatuses?

A

Increase surface area

form air channels

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23
Q

What open up into meatuses?

A

paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct

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24
Q

What is a turbinate?

A

bone and mucous membrane

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25
Q

What is the foramen caecum?

A

connection between nasal veins and superior sagittal sinus

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26
Q

What is found in the cribiform plate?

A

olfactory nerve

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27
Q

What travels through the sphenopalatine foramen?

A
  • sphenopalatine artery (of the maxillary artery)
  • nasopalatine nerve (of the maxillary nerve)
  • superior nasal branches of the maxillary nerve
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28
Q

What travels through the samll foramina in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

inferior nasal branches from the greater palatine nerve (of the maxillary nerve)

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29
Q

What travels in the incisive canal?

A

nasopalatine nerve (nasal –> oral)

terminal end of the greater palatine artery (oral –> nasal)

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30
Q
A

blue = foramen caecum

green = cribiform plate

red = sphenopalatine foramen

Lower red line = incisive canal

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31
Q

What bones surrounfing the nasal cavity are evacuated by air sinuses?

A
  • maxilla
  • ethmoid
  • frontal
  • sphenoid
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32
Q

What is the function of paranasal sinuses?

A

lighten the skull

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33
Q

What nerve innervates the paranasal sinuses?

A

branches of the trigeminal nerve

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34
Q

Where does the frontal sinus/frontonasal duct drain into?

A

ethmoidal infundibulum (middle meatus)

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35
Q

Where does the maxillary sinus drain into?

A

middle meatus

36
Q

Where do the middle and anterior ethmoid sinuses drain into?

A

on bulla ethmoidalis and ethmoidal infundibulum then into the middle meatus

37
Q

Where does the posterior ethmoid sinus drain into?

A

superior meatus

38
Q

Where does the sphenoid sinus drain into?

A

spheno-ethmoidal recess –> superior meatus

39
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain into ?

A

inferior meatus

40
Q
A

Blue = frontal sinus/ frontonasal duct

green = maxillary sinus

purple = middle and anterior ethmoid sinuses

41
Q
A

purple = posterior ehtmoid sinus

red = sphenoid sinus

black = nasolacrimal duct

42
Q

What is the arterial supply of the nasal cavity?

A
  • terminal branches of the maxillary and facial arteries (branches of external carotid)
  • ethmoidal branches of the ophthalmic artery (branches of the internal carotid artery)
43
Q

What is the arterial supply of the septum?

A
  • sphenopalatine artery (of maxillary artery)
  • anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery (of opthalmic artery)
  • branches from the greater palatine
  • superior labial artery
  • Kisselbachs area of the septum
44
Q

What is Kiesselbach’s area a site for?

A

Epitaxis

45
Q

What is Kiesselbach’s area the site of anastomosis between?

A
  • anterior ethmoidal artery,
  • posterior ethmoidal artery,
  • sphenopalatine artery,
  • greater palatine artery,
  • the septal branch of the superior labial artery.
46
Q

What is the arterial supply of the frontal sinus?

A

supra-orbital artery

anterior ethmoidal artery

47
Q

What is the arterial supply of the ethmoid sinuses

A

anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery

sphenopalatine artery

48
Q
A

Red = sphenopalatine

blue = anterior ethmoidal

green = superior labial artery

black = greater palatine

49
Q

What is the arterial supply of sphenoid sinus?

A

posterior ethmoidal artery

50
Q

What is the arterial supply of the maxillary sinus

A

infraorbital and superior alveolar branches of maxillary a., greater palatine a., facial a.

51
Q

What veins allow the spread of infection from the cranial cavity to the nasal cavity?

A

emissary

52
Q

What veins are found in the infratemporal fossa>

A

pterygoid plexus of veins

53
Q

Where are emissary veins located?

A

foramen caecum

54
Q

where does the superior opthalmic vein travel to?

A

cavernous sinus

55
Q

Where does the anterior aspect of the nasal cavity drain to?

A

submandibular nodes

56
Q

Where does the lymph of the posterior aspect of the nasal cavity drain to?

A

Via retropharyngeal nodes to the upper deep cervical nodes

  • jugoldiagastric is palpable if inflammed
57
Q

What is the nerve supply of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

opthalmic (V1) and maxillary (V2) divisions of the trigeminal nerve

58
Q

What cranial nerve is the trigeminal nerve?

A

5th

59
Q

What is the path of V1 on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A

nasocillary → mainly anterior ethmoidal nerve → nasal branches

60
Q

What is the path of V2 on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A

nasal branches, mainly greater palatine nerve

61
Q

What nerve is the nasal septum supplied by?

A

opthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve

62
Q

What is the path of V1 on the nasal septum?

A

anterior ethmoidal –> septal branches

63
Q

What is the path of the V2 on the nasal septum

A

mainly nasopalatine nerve

64
Q
A

Black = olfactory region

red = anterior ethmoidal nerve

blue = greater palatine nerve

65
Q

What is the nerve supply of the frontal sinus

A

supra-orbital nerve

66
Q

What is the nerve supply of ethmoidal cells

A

masocilliary nerve

67
Q

What is the nerve supply of the sphenoid sinus

A

posterior ethmoidal nerve

68
Q

What is the nerve supply of the maxillary sinus

A

V2 - infra-orbitalmiddle and anterior superior alveolar n.

V2 - posterior superior alveolar n.

69
Q

What are the oval sahped openings between the nasal cavities and the nasopharynx called?

A

choanae

70
Q

Where does the nasopharynx extend?

A

from the choanae to the level of the soft palate

71
Q

What is the nasopharynx?

A

posterior aspect of the nasal cavity and part of the pharynx

72
Q

What is the function of the nasopharynx?

A

serves only as an air passageway between nasal cavity and oropharynx

73
Q

Describe the choanae

A
  • rigid
  • horizontal plate of palatine bone
  • medial plate of pterygoid process
  • divided by vomer
74
Q

What opening is on the infero-lateral wall of the nasopharynx?

A

pharyngotympanic (auditory, Eustachian) tube

75
Q
A

pharyngotympanic (auditory, Eustachian) tube

76
Q

What are found around the opening of the pharyngotympanic (auditory, Eustachian) tube

A

tubal tonsils

77
Q

What muscles run between torus tubaris and pharynx and palate?

A

Salpingopharyngeus and Salpingopalatine muscles

78
Q

What is on the roof of the nasopharynx?

A

lymphoid tonsillar tissue - pharyngeal tonsil, adenoid

79
Q
A

Red = tubal tonsils

blue = pharyngeal tonsil, adenoid

80
Q
A

blue = torus tubaris

black = Salpingopharyngeal and Salpingopalatine folds

81
Q

Where is the pharyngeal recess?

A

behind the auditory tube - fossa of Rosenmuller

82
Q

What is the most common site of cranipharyngioma?

A

fossa of Rosenmuller/Pharyngeal recuess

83
Q

Where do adenhypophysis (anterior lobe of the pituitary gland) develop from?

A

Rathke’s puch

84
Q

Where do tonsils form a lymphatic ring? And what is the name of this ring

A

around the openings of the respiratory and GI Tract

Waldeyer’s ring

85
Q

What does inflammation and swelling of the pharyngeal tonsils lead to?

A

obstruct the airway and may lead to mouth breathing

86
Q

What may enlargement of the tubal tonsil cause?

A

may obstruct the pharygotympanic tube and cause middle ear infections

87
Q
A

MD3001 - Respiratory Anatomy (5 decks)

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