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MD3001 - Respiratory Anatomy > Larynx > Flashcards

Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

What is the larynx?

A

part of the respiratory tract between oropharynz and trachea

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2
Q

What is the larynx?

A

membranous (fibro-elastic) tube suspended between cartilages and hyoid bone

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3
Q

What are the 3 functions of the larynx?

A
  • transport of air
  • protective sphincter
  • phonation
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4
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

Between C3 and C6 vertebrae

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5
Q

Where is the larynx in newborns and infants?

A

Slightly higher

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6
Q

Where does the larynx hang?

A

under the hyoid bone

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7
Q

Describe the skeleton of the larynx

A

made out of cartilage connected to each other by ligaments and membranes

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8
Q

What are the names of ech of the laryngeal cartilages?

A
  • Red = Epiglottis
  • Blue = thyroid
  • Green = cricoid
  • Purple = arytenoid
  • Black = corniculate
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9
Q

What are the 3 single laryngeal cartilages?

A
  • epiglottis
  • cricoid
  • thyroid
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10
Q

What is the only elastic laryngeal cartilage?

A

epiglottis

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11
Q

What are most of the laryngeal cartilages made of?

A

hyaline cartilage

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12
Q

Where is the epiglottis found?

A

projects upwards and backwards into the pharynx, behind the posterior part of the tongue

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13
Q

How is the epiglottis attached to the thyroid cartilage?

A

thyro-epiglottic ligament

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14
Q

How is the epiglottis attached to the hyoid cartilage?

A

hyo-epiglottic ligament

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15
Q

What is the biggest laryngeal cartilage and what are its main features?

A

Thyroid cartilage

  • Right and left laminae
  • Superior and inferior horns
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16
Q

What do the superior horns of the thyroid cartilage attach to?

A

hyoid bone

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17
Q

What do the inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage articulate with?

A

cricoid cartilage

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18
Q

Name what each of the arrows is indicating to -

A

Red = superior thyroid notch

Green = laryngeal prominence

Purple = Oblique line

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19
Q

What is the thyroid angle determined by? And how does it differ in males and females?

A

Laryngeal prominence

More acute (closer to 90degrees) in males than females

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20
Q

What is the function of the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage?

A

for muscle attachment

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21
Q

What is the shape of the cricoid cartilage?

A

Shape of a signet ring with the lamina posteriorly

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22
Q

What does the cricoid cartilage articulate with?

A

arytenoids and the thyroid

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23
Q

What is the function of the ‘sloping shoulder’ on the lamina of the cricoid cartilage?

A

for arytenoid articulation

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24
Q

What is the function of the ridge on the cricoid cartilage?

A

attachment of the oesphagus

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25
Q

What is the function of the depressions on the cricoid cartilage?

A

for attachment of posterior crico-arytenoid muscle

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26
Q

What does the arytenoid cartilage articulate with?

A

sloping shoulder of cricoid lamina and superiorly with corniculate cartilage

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27
Q

Name what each arrow and number is indicating -

A

Red = vocal process

Green = Muscular Process

1 = Depression for vestibular ligament

2 = depression for the attachment of vocalis

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28
Q

Where is the vocal process located and what attaches to it?

A

Anteriorly, for the attachment of the vocal ligament

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29
Q

Where is the muscular process located and what is its attachments?

A

posteriorly, for the attachment of posterior and lateral crico-arytenoid muscles

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30
Q

Where does the thyro-hyoid membrane extend?

A

Between upper edges of the thyroid lamina and superior horn and the body and greater horns of the hyoid bone

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31
Q

What does the thyro-hyoid membrane form when it is thickened anteriorly and posteriorly?

A

Medial and lateral hyoid ligaments

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32
Q

What is the thyro-hyoid membrane pierced by?

A

superior laryngeal vessels and internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

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33
Q
A

Red = median thyro-hyoid ligament

Green = Lateral thyro-hyoid ligament

Black = where the thryo-hyoid membrane is pierced

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34
Q

What is the fibro-elastic membrane?

A

elastic connective tissue underneath the larnygeal membrane that stretches the laryngeal cartilages

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35
Q

What are the fibro-elastic membranes separated by?

A

laryngeal ventricle

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36
Q

What is the superior fibro-elastic membrane?

A

quadrangular membrane

–> cape over the epiglottis

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37
Q

What is the inferior fibro-elastic membrane?

A

Conus elasticus (triangular)

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38
Q

Where does the qudrangular membrane extend?

A

between lateral aspects of the epiglottis, arytenoid and corniculate cartilages

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39
Q

What are the edges of the quadrangular membrane?

A
  • Aryepiglottic fold
  • vestibular ligament
40
Q

What is the vestibular ligament when it is covered by a mucous membrane?

A

vestibular fold

41
Q
A

Red = quadrangular membrane

Black = laryngeal ventricle

Green = conus elasticus

42
Q
A

red = aryepiglottic fold

green = vestibular ligament

43
Q

What is another name for the conus elasticus?

A

crico-vocal membrane

44
Q

What does conus elasticus blend with anteriorly?

A

medial cricothyroid ligament

45
Q

What is the main clinical function of the medial cricothyroid ligament?

A

site of emergency access to the airwat (tracheostomy)

46
Q
A

Red = crico-vocal membrane

Green = median cricothyroid ligament

47
Q

What do the vocal cords control laryngeal diameter for?

A
  • speech
  • coughing/sneezing
  • raising the intra-abdominal pressure
48
Q

What type of epithelium are the vocal cords lined with?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

49
Q

What are the 3 parts of the laryngeal cavity?

A
  1. the vestibule
  2. laryngeal ventricle
  3. infra-glottic cavity
50
Q

Where is the vestibule located?

A

Between the laryngeal inlet and the vestibular folds

51
Q

Where is the laryngeal ventricle?

A

The recess between the vestibular and vocal folds

52
Q

What does the laryngeal ventricle lead to?

A

the saccule

53
Q

What is the function of the saccule?

A

Provides lubricating mucus fir the vocal folds

54
Q

Where is the infra-glottic cavity located?

A

between the vocal folds and the trachea

55
Q

What is another name for the laryngeal inlet?

A

Rima Glottis

56
Q

What is the laryngeal inlet bound by?

A

Aryepiglottic folds

57
Q

What is the rima glottis?

A

opening between vocal cords and vocal processes of the arytenoid

58
Q
A

Green = laryngeal inlet

Red = Rima Glottis

59
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Its position is controlled by muscles:

  • Alter laryngeal diameters to allow the passage of air only
  • control airflow for speech
  • raise intra-abdominal pressure
60
Q

What is the function of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles?

A
  • Arrange the position of the larynx as a whole
  • facilitate closing of the laryngeal inlet
61
Q

What are the 2 groups of extrinsic laryngeal muscles?

A

suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

62
Q

Where do intrinsic laryngeal muscles extend?

A

between laryngeal cartilages

63
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

A
  • adjust the length and tension of the vocal ligaments
  • open and close the rima glottis (airflow)
  • control the inner dimensions of the vestibule
  • facilitate closing of the laryngeal inlet
64
Q

Where do the extrinsic laryngeal muscles extend?

A

Between the skull to larynx and pharynx

65
Q

Name the 8 elevator extrinsic laryngeal muscles

A
  • stylopharyngeus
  • stylohyoid
  • salphingopharyngeus
  • palatopharyngeus
  • mylohyoid
  • geniohyoid
  • digastric
  • thyrohyoid
66
Q

Name the 3 depressor extrinsic laryngeal muscles

A
  • sternothyroid
  • thyrohyoid
  • sternohyoid
67
Q
A

Red = diagastric

Black = mylohyoid

Blue = sternothyroid

Green = thyrohyoid

68
Q

What are the main contributers to closing of the laryngeal inlet?

A

EXTRINSIC MUSCLES

  • Stylopharyngeus
  • Stylohyoid
  • Salpingopharyngeus
  • Palatopharyngeus
69
Q

What are the 3 functions of the intrinisic laryngeal muscles?

A
  1. Open/close the laryngeal inlet (aryepiglottic folds)
  2. Open/close the rima glottidis (and rima vestibuli) - arytenoid gliding anf rotation
  3. Lengthen the vocal folds - “rocking” at cricothyroid joints or increase tension
70
Q
A

Green = stylopharyngeus

red = stylohyoid

blue = salpingopharyngeus

purple = palatopharyngeus

71
Q

What intrinsic muscles close the laryngeal inlet?

A
  • Ary-epiglottic muscles act like a “pyrse string”
  • Superior fibres of thyro-arytenoid muscle (thyro-epiglottic muscle)
72
Q

What opens the laryngeal inlet?

A

Descent of the larynx (and pharynx) by elastic recoil

(hyo-epiglottic ligament = no contractile ability)

73
Q

What is the ONLY muscle that opens the rima glottis/vocal folds

A

posterior crico-arytenoid muscle

74
Q

What muscles close the vocal folds and rima glottis?

A
  • Inferior fibres of thyro-arytenoid
  • Lateral crico-arytenoid
  • Transverse arytenoid
75
Q
A

Red = aryepiglottic musclrs

Blue = thyro-epiglottic muscle

76
Q

Where is thyroid cartilage rocked backwards and forwards?

A

cricothyroid joint

77
Q

What is the function of the cricothyroid muscles?

A

Lengthen the vocal folds or ligaments

78
Q

What muscle alters the tension of the vocal ligaments? And what is the result of this?

A

vocalis muscle

increasing tension raises the pitch of the voice and decreasing it lowers the pitch

79
Q
A

blue = thyro-arytenoid

red = lateral crico-arytenoid

green = transverse arytenoid

80
Q
A

Red = vocalis muscle which is part of the thyroarytenoid muscle (blue)

81
Q

what occurs at the laryngeal inlet during quiet respiration?

A

rima is triangular

82
Q

what occurs at the laryngeal inlet during forced inspiration

A
  • rima is rhomboid
  • rima is widely opened by posterior crico-arytenoid externally rotating the arytenoids
83
Q

what occurs at the laryngeal inlet during phonation?

A
  • vocal folds are adducted
  • air forced through vocal folds causes vibration
  • cord length anf tension are latered by cricothyroid, thyro-arytenoid and vocalis muscle
84
Q

what occurs at the laryngeal inlet during effort closure?

A
85
Q

What occurs during swallowing?

A
  • laryngeal elevation
  • closure of laryngeal inlet by epiglottis
86
Q

What ligament causes the epiglottis to spring back into its normal position?

A

hyo-epiglottic ligament

87
Q

What is the arterial supply of the larynx?

A
  • superior laryngeal (green)
  • inferior laryngeal (blue)

**Both are branches of the respective thyroid artery

88
Q

What is the venous drainage of the larynx?

A
  • Superior laryngeal (black) –> superior thyroid –> internal jugular vein
  • Inferior laryngeal (green) –> inferior thyroid vein –> brachiocephalic vein
89
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage above the vocal cords?

A

superior deep cervical lymph nodes

90
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage below the vocal cord

A
  • prelaryngeal
  • pre-tracheal
  • inferior deep cervical
  • supraclavicular
91
Q
A

black = superior deep cervical

blue = pretracheal

green = inferior deep cervical

92
Q

What is the neural supply of the larynx?

A
  • superior laryngeal nerve; branch of the vagus nerve
  • Vagus
  • recurrent laryngeal nerve
93
Q

What are the functions of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve? And what is it accompanied by?

A
  • sensation of the larynx down to just above the vocal folds

Accompanied by the superior laryngeal artery

94
Q

What is the progession of the vagus nerve?

A

vagus –> recurrent laryngeal –> inferior laryngeal

95
Q

What is the inferior laryngeal nerve accompanied by?

A

inferior laryngeal artery

96
Q

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply?

A
  • all muscles of the larynx except cricothyroid
  • sensation to the vocal cords and larynx below

MD3001 - Respiratory Anatomy (5 decks)

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