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MD3001 - Respiratory Anatomy > Trachea, Bronchial Tree and Lungs > Flashcards

Trachea, Bronchial Tree and Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the length and average diameter of the trachea?

A
  • 10-11cm lomg
  • average 2.5cm wide
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2
Q

What are the boundaries of the trachea?

A
  • starts at C6
  • ends at T4/5 (at the carina)
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3
Q

What is the trachea composed of that keeps the lumen patent?

A

c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

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4
Q

What muscle alters the tracheal diameter?

A

trachealis muscle

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5
Q

Where is the trachealis muscle located?

A

posteriorly between the ends of the tracheal cartilages

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6
Q
A

Red = trachealis muscle

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7
Q

In the cervical region what is the trachea related to?

A
  • sternohyoid muscle
  • sternothyroid muscle
  • isthmus of thyroid gland
  • inferior thyroid vessels
  • carotid sheath
  • brachiocephalic trunk
  • jugular venous arch
  • recurrent laryngeal nerve
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8
Q

Where does the trachea enter the thoracic cavity?

A

through the thoracic inlet

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9
Q

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve lie?

A

in the groove between the trachea and the oesphagus

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10
Q

At what level does the trachea divide into left and right principle bronchi?

A

T4/5 - sternal angle

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11
Q
A

Red = left recurrent laryngeal nerve

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12
Q

What areteries supply the trachea?

A
  • inferior thyroid artery
  • bronchial arteries
  • tracheal branches of aorta
  • mediastinal branches of internal thoracic artery
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13
Q

What veins drain the trachea?

A
  • inferior thyroid vein (plexus)
  • bronchial veins
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14
Q

What lymph nodes are related to the trachea?

A
  • pre-tracheal lymph nodes
  • paratracheal lymph nodes
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15
Q

What is the neural supply of the trachea

A

SNS = sympathetic trunk

PSNS = vagus nerve

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16
Q

How does the right main bronchus differ from the left? And why is this clinical important?

A

more verticle, shorter and wider

Foreign body aspiration

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17
Q

What do the main bronchi divide into?

A

lobar bronchi

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18
Q

How many lobar bronchi are there in each lung

A

LHS = 2

RHS = 3

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19
Q

What do the lobar bronchi divide into?

A

segmental bronchi

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20
Q

What do the segmantal bronchus pass to?

A

a broncho-pulmonary segment

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21
Q

How do the segmental bronchi alter diameter?

A

bronchi divide like a tree decreasing the diameter

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22
Q

What do segmental bronchi divide into?

A

terminal bronchioles

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23
Q

What are terminal bronchioles connected to?

A

respiratory bronchioles

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24
Q

How do bronchioles affect airflow?

A

cause the greatest resistance to air flow in the conducting passages

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25
Q

How many pulmonary alveoli is each respiratory bronchiole connected to?

A

~2-11

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26
Q

What do alveolar ducts open into?

A

alveolar sacs (clusters of pulmonary alveoli)

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27
Q

How many alveoli does each alveolar duct connect to?

A

~5-6

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28
Q

What is the main purpose of the alveoli?

A

large surface area for the diffusion and exchange of gases

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29
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the lungs?

A

costal, diaphragmatic and mediastinal

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30
Q

What are the three margins of the lungs?

A

anterior, inferior and posterior

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31
Q

What is another name for the apex of the lung?

A

cupula

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32
Q

What feature is unique to the left lung

A

has a cardiac notch

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33
Q

How does the right lung compare tho the left

A

shorter but wider

34
Q

How many lobes does each lung have?

A

Right = 3

Left = 2 + lingula

35
Q
A

Red = oblique fissure

blue = horizontal fissure

36
Q
A
37
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve pass in relation to the lung roots?

A

anterior

38
Q

Where does the vagus nerve pass in relation to the lung roots?

A

posterior

39
Q

What is the root of the lung?

A

collection of structures that attach the lung structures in the mediastinum

40
Q

What is the root of the lung covered by?

A

a sleeve of mediastinal pleura that reflects on the surface of the lung

41
Q

What is contained within the root of the lung?

A
  • pulmonary artery
  • 2 pulmonary veins
  • a main bronchis
  • bronchial vessles
  • nerves
  • lymphatics
42
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary ligament?

A

Allows the lungs to be mobile

43
Q

What is the smallest functionally and structurally independent unit of the lungs?

A

bronchopulmonary segemnts

44
Q

What does a bronchopulmonary segment have?

A

own branch of pulmonary artery, nerves and segmental (tertirary) bronchus

45
Q
A

Red = pulmonary artery

green = segmental bronchus

blue = pulmonaruy vein

46
Q

what are bronchopulmonary segments separated by?

A

Connective Tissue

47
Q

Is there anastomosis between neighbouring bronchopulmonary segments?

A

NO

48
Q

what shape are bronchopulmonary segments and what are they directed towards?

A

pyramid-shaped

their apicies are directed towards the hilum

49
Q

Where do tributaries of the pulmonary vein and lymphatics tend to pass?

A

intersegmental septum

50
Q

How many segments does each lung have?

A

10

51
Q

What are the divisions of the right lung

A

Inferior = 5

Superior = 3

Middle = 2

52
Q

What segments are present in the superior section of the right lung?

A

Apical (superior)

Anterior

Posterior

53
Q

What segments are present in the middle section of the right lung?

A

Medial

Lateral

54
Q

What segments are present in the inferior section of the right lung?

A

Apical (superior)

Medial

Lateral

Anterior

Posterior

55
Q

What segements are present in the superior section of the left lung?

A

Apical (superior)

Anterior

Posterior

56
Q

What segments are present in the lingula section of the left lung?

A

superior and inferior

57
Q

What segments are present in the inferior section of the left lung?

A

Apical (superior)

Medial

Lateral

Anterior

Posterior

58
Q

What is the only part of the left lung that makes contact with the diaphragm?

A

lingula

59
Q

What is the main constituent of bronchioles?

A

mainly smooth muscle

little cartilage

60
Q

Where are goblet cells not present in the respiratory tract?

A

In and distal to respiratory bronchioles

61
Q

What is the function of type I alveolar cells?

A

permit diffusion

62
Q

what is the function of type II alveolar cells?

A

produce surfactant that reduces the tendency for pulmonary alveoli to collapse

63
Q

How many cells thick are each pulmonary alveolus? And what is the reason for this?

A

1 cell thick

Increased diffusion rate

64
Q

What can cause of a distortion of the carina?

A

enlargement of tracheobronchial lymph nodes

tumour

65
Q

What segment in which lobe is most prone to pneumonia and why?

A

apical segment of the inferior lobe

drops of the bronchial tree posteriorly

66
Q

What is the lung tissue supplied by?

A

bronchial arteries

67
Q

How many bronchial arteries are on the RHS and where do they orginate from?

A

one bronchial artery on the right

3rd posterior intercostal artery or superior posterior intercostal artery

68
Q

How many bronchial arteries are on the LHS and where do they orginate from?

A

2 bronchial arteries on the left

aorta

69
Q

what can pulmonary arerties anastomose with and where?

A

pulmonary arteries in the walls of the bronchioles

70
Q

What is the function of pulmonary arteries?

A

carry de-oxygenated blood to the lungs at low pressure

71
Q

Where do the pulmonary arteries arise from?

A

from the pulmonary trunk just below the sternal angle

72
Q

What is the tract of the right pulmonary artery?

A

Passes anterior to the right primary bronchus and posterior to the ascending aorta and SVC

73
Q

What two lymphatic organs drain into the pulmonary nodes?

A
  • deep lymphatic pleuxs (running alongside the arteries and dividing bronchial tree)
  • Superficial (sub-pleural) lymphatic plexus
74
Q

where are the pulmonary nodes located?

A

in the hilum of the lung

75
Q

Give the passage of lymph drainage from the pulmonary nodes

A
76
Q
A

Black = left and right bronchomediastinal trunk

red = superior tracheobronchial

green = inferior tracheobronchial

blue = paratracheal

77
Q

What is the nerve supply of the lungs?

A

supplied by the pulmonary plexuses around the main bronchi at the root of the lung

78
Q

Where do the parasympathetic fibres arise from and what is their action?

A

from vagus

bronchoconstrictor, vasodilator and secretomotor

79
Q

Where do sympathetic fibres arise from and what is their function?

A

sympathetic trunk

brnchodilator, vasocontrictor

80
Q

What are the three main reasons a tracheostemy would be needed?

A
  1. laryngeal obstruction
  2. evcuation of excessive secretions
  3. Long-lasting artificial respiration
81
Q

What type of incision is made for a tracheostemy?

A

vertical incision is made downwards from the cricoid cartilage

MD3001 - Respiratory Anatomy (5 decks)

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