Motivation - Nina

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Refers to all the mental activities that compel organisms into action

Question 2

Conscious vs unconscious motivation

Answer 2

In everyday behaviour we often know precisely why we act in a certain way but according to psychoanalytic theory we may be motivated by unconscious factors and reasons for our actions may be hidden from ourselves

Question 3

Intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation

Answer 3

We may be motivated by our internal psycho-physiological states (hunger/ anger)
Or be motivated by external factors in the environment (owning a beautiful house/ finding a shady spot)

Question 4

Sources of motivated behaviour

Answer 4

• Biological patterns of behaviour
• Bodily homeostasis
• Optimum arousal
• Cognitiom

Question 5

Biological patterns of behaviour

Answer 5

-Instincts, an innate tendency to carry out a particular pattern of behaviour in specific circumstances

Question 6

William Mcdougall

Answer 6

Influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution and attributed human motivation to instincts

Question 7

Sigmund Freud

Answer 7

Considered the instincts that motivated sex and aggression as major factors in human personality
All instincts have a source, a goal, an object and an impetus

Question 8

Source of an instinct

Answer 8

Part of the body where biological stimulation occurs

Question 9

Goal of an instinct

Answer 9

The experience of satisfaction (psychological gratification) that results from the reduction/removal of the biological stimulation

Question 10

Object of an instinct

Answer 10

Anything that mediates the reduction/removal of the biological stimulation thus the object offers psychological gratification

Question 11

Impetus of an instinct

Answer 11

Its intensity or driving force

Question 12

Core emotional systems in the brain

Answer 12

All mammals have:
1. Rage system
2. Fear system
3. Lust system
4. Care system
5. Panic system
6. Play system
7. Seeking system
These help us survive and adapt to the environment

Question 13

Homeostasis

Answer 13

Any deviation from the bodily equilibrium caused by physiological deprivation results in a need

Question 14

Drive

Answer 14

A state of tension when there is physiological deprivation
A motivational force that compel individuals to act in a way that will counter the state of deprivation, fulfill the need and reduce the tension

Question 15

Drive modal of homeostasis defines a motivational cycle

Answer 15

1. Drive condition emerges (thirst)
2. Goal-oriented, preparatory activities which helps locate the object that will reduce the intensity of need (looking for water
3. The reinforcer enables the consummation response (drinking water) which restores the homeostasis, lowering the need and reducing the int4ensity of the drive

Question 16

Optimum arousal

Answer 16

Some need highly stimulating environments (high sensation seekers) while others prefer calm circumstances (low sensation seekers)

Question 17

Cognition

Answer 17

We are motivated by what we value
Personal, cultural and social factors that pull people toward a goal
Personal cognitive factors: self-determination, curiousity, challenge also motivate behaviour

Question 18

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 18

Lowest layer: physiological needs, primary drives
Second layer: Safety needs, security
Third layer: need for love and belongingness, desire to give and obtain affection and feel like we are contributing to the society we belong to
Fourth: the need for self-esteem, to develop self-worth
Last layer: the need for self-actualisation

Question 19

Davies’ four substantive

Answer 19

1. Physical needs
2. Socio-affective needs
3. The need for self-esteem (dignity)
4. The need for self-actualisation

Question 20

Davies’ hierarchy of substantive needs

Answer 20

In addition to substantive needs, people experience additional needs that help them achieve their substantive needs, called instrumental needs (security, knowledge, power)

Two kinds of barriers

1. Personal barriers (internal)
2. Socio-political barriers (external)

In attempts to work around these barriers, people display cooperative or aggressive behaviour

The hierarchy puts people’s live in a socio-psychological perspective