Motivation

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

the process by which activities are started, directed and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met
a person’s drive

Question 2

intrinsic motivation

Answer 2

the type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying

Question 3

extrinsic motivation

Answer 3

people perform Ann action because it leads to some sort of outcome that is separate from the person

Question 4

instincts and evolutionary approach

Answer 4

William McDougall proposed that motivation is biologically determined
Clark Hull’s drive-reduction theory

Question 5

drive-reduction theory

Answer 5

Clark Hull
involved concepts of need, drives and homeostasis
homeostasis = tendency of the body to maintain an equilibrium
need = requirement for some material essential for survival
drive = need causes psychological tension which motivates an organism to fulfil the need

describes connection between internal physiological states and outward behaviour

primary drive - food, water
secondary drive - money, clothes, social approval

Question 6

Approaches based on psychological needs

Answer 6

Mcclelland’s theory: affiliation, power and achievement needs
Carol Dweck’s self-theory of motivation

Question 7

Mcclelland’s theory

Answer 7

Affiliation, power and achievement needs theory
proposed a theory that highlights the importance of those 3 important psychological needs
nAff - people way to be liked by others and held in a high regard
nPow - want to have influence over others
nAch - strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones

Question 8

Arousal theory

Answer 8

highlight the need for stimulation

arousal theory - people have an optimal level of tension

Question 9

incentive approaches

Answer 9

behaviour is explained in terms of the external stimulus and rewarding properties
does not explain motivation behind all behaviours

Question 10

humanistic approaches

Answer 10

key human motive - strive for personal growth
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
a certain level of needs that a person must strive to meet
before achieving the highest level of personal fulfilment

Question 11

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 11

need hierarchy - a progression contains the deficiency needs at the bottom and uniquely human growth needs at the top

deficiency needs - a lack of satisfaction causes a deficiency that motivate people to meet these needs

growth needs - they arise as a desire to grow as an individual

Question 12

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: terms

Answer 12

self-actualisation - the need to fulfil our potential
point at which we have reached our human potential
seldom reached

peak experiences - the time in one’s life when self - actualisation is achieved

transcendence - a search for a spiritual meaning beyond one’s immediate self

Question 13

Maslows hierarchy criticism

Answer 13

we can skip levels

doesn’t apply to all cultures

Question 14

self-determinism theory

Answer 14

states that there are 3 inborn universal needs that help people gain a complete sense of self and a healthy relationship with others

1. need for autonomy - to be in control of own behaviour and goals
2. need for competence - to master challenges of life and perfect skills
3. need for relatedness - to feel a sense of belonging, intimacy and closeness in relationships

applicable to all cultures

Question 15

physiological components of hunger

Answer 15

If the stomach is empty and contracted, hunger usually occurs
Hormones
Insulin and glucagon (hormones secreted by the pancreas) control the levels of fats, proteins and carbohydrates in the body
Insulin is released in great amounts after eating begins – feel more hunger
Leptin (hormone secreted by fat cells) decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure
Homeostatic mechanisms
Eating not necessarily linked to immediate energy needs
Homeostatic mechanisms prevent us from running low on energy

Question 16

The Social and Psychological Components of Hunger 1

Answer 16

Social cues
E.g., Coffee culture

Classical conditioning
E.g., Food cues (sight and smell) can trigger eating even when not hungry
E.g., The body becomes conditioned to respond with the hunger reflex at certain times of the day

Eating is positively reinforced by the good taste of food and negatively reinforced by hunger production

Question 17

The Social and Psychological Components of Hunger 2

Answer 17

Cultural norms influence when, how, and what we eat
E.g., Japanese women are more likely to eat because of social demands
E.g., In SA rounded hips considered a sign of healthiness and fertility

Gender
E.g., Women are more likely to eat for emotional reasons (USA study)

Attitudes, habits, and beliefs
E.g., Belief in cleaning your plate
E.g., Snacking while watching TV
E.g., Social pressures to conform to cultural standards of beauty

Question 18

Achievement Motivation

Answer 18

Need for achievement = positive desire to accomplish tasks & compete successfully with standards of excellence
Motive for success & Fear of failure

High-need achievers = high in achievement & low in fear of failure
Perceive themselves as responsible for outcomes
Prefer challenging tasks that involve moderate risk of not succeeding
Desire performance feedback

Question 19

Achievement-Goal Theory

Answer 19

Focuses on the manner in which success is defined both by the individual & within the achievement situation itself
Mastery orientation:
Focus is on personal improvement, giving maximum effort, & perfecting new skills
Ego orientation:
The goal is to outperform others with as little effort as possible
Motivational climate:
Encourages or rewards a mastery approach or an ego approach to defining success

Question 20

Achievement Goal Orientations

Answer 20

Mastery-approach goals:
Focus on desire to master a task & learn new knowledge or skills

Ego-approach goals:
Reflect a competitive orientation that focuses on being judged favourably relative to other people

Mastery-avoidance goals:
A fear of not performing up to one’s own standards

Ego-avoidance goals:
Centre on avoiding being outperformed by others

Question 21

Achievement goal theory

Answer 21

Each of us can be described in terms of an ‘achievement motivation profile’

Combination ego-approach & mastery-approach may be optimal

Mastery-orientation is preferable to ego-orientation

Question 22

Motivational Climate

Answer 22

Influenced by parents, teachers, & coaches

Ego-involving climate:
A climate where people are compared to each other, urged to compete to be the best, & the best get special attention

Mastery-involving climate:
Effort, enjoyment of the activity, & personal improvement is emphasised & rewarded

Question 23

Motivational Climate 2

Answer 23

Providing an environment of high cognitive stimulation fosters intrinsic motivation

Caregivers who encourage & reward achievement but do not punish failure foster strong motive for success

Fear of failure develops when caregivers take successful achievement for granted but punish failure

Cultural norms shape achievement motivation
Individualistic cultures tend to stress personal achievement
Collectivistic cultures stress a desire to fit into the family & social group, meet its expectations, and work for its goals