Back and Spinal Cord

Question 1

how many vertebrae associated with each region

Answer 1

C7
T12
L5
S5 - fused
Co4 - fused

Question 2

how many spinal nerves associated with each region

Answer 2

C - 8 - come out above C1
T - 12
L - 5
S- 5
Co - 1

Question 3

what is kyphosis

Answer 3

thoracic and sacrum region curvature

present in the foetus

Question 4

what is lordosis

Answer 4

develop at infancy when weight bearing begins

Question 5

when does exaggerated kyphosis happen

Answer 5

osteoporosis

Question 6

when does exaggerated lordosis happen

Answer 6

pregnancy

Question 7

what is scoliosis

Answer 7

lateral curveture

Question 8

describe the features of cervical vertebrae

Answer 8

small vertebral body
bifid spine
foramen transversarium (for vertebral artery to brain)
Zygapophysial joints face primarily superiorly-inferiorly

Question 9

what are the atypical vertebrae of the cervical region

Answer 9

C1 (atlas), C2 (axis) and C7 (vertebra prominens)

Question 10

what movement do the cervical vertebrae allow

Answer 10

flex, extend and laterally flex.

C1 and C2 allow rotation

Question 11

describe the features of thoracic vertebrae

Answer 11

long, inferiorly directed spinous process
relatively small, circular vertebral foramen
Zygapophysial joints face primarily anteriorly- posteriorly

Question 12

what movement do the thoracic vertebrae allow

Answer 12

rotation

Question 13

why can’t the thoracic vertebrae allow for flexion and extension

Answer 13

costal joints between transverse process ribs

overlapping spinous processes

Question 14

describe the features of lumbar vertebrae

Answer 14

large vertebral body (weigh bearing)
short, horizontal spinous process
Zygapophysial joints face medially – laterally

Question 15

what movement do the lumbar vertebrae allow

Answer 15

flexion/ extension and lateral flexion. Limited rotation occurs here.

Question 16

name the meninges

Answer 16

dura mater
arachnoid mater
—-subarachnoid space—-CSF—-
pia mater

Question 17

name the ligaments associated with the vertebral column

Answer 17

anterior longitudinal ligament
posterior longitudinal ligament
supraspinous ligament 
intraspinous ligament
ligamentum flavum

Question 18

what ligaments are involved in stabilising C1 and C2

Answer 18

cruciate and alar

Question 19

where does the spinal cord end in adults

Answer 19

L1

Question 20

what is the conus medularis

Answer 20

tapered, lower end of the spinal cord

Question 21

what is the cauda equina

Answer 21

bundle of nerves that arise after spinal cord terminates

Question 22

what is the filum terminale

Answer 22

delicate strand of fibrous tissue proceeding downwards, it attaches to conus medularis and is an extension of pia mater to suspend in CSF

Question 23

what is grey matter

Answer 23

cell bodies

Question 24

what is white matter

Answer 24

axons

Question 25

what is the dorsal horn

Answer 25

nerve endings of afferent neurones

Question 26

what is the ventral horn

Answer 26

cell bodies of efferent neurones

Question 27

what is dorsal root

Answer 27

afferent - towards CNS

Question 28

what is ventral root

Answer 28

efferent - away from CNS

Question 29

what are spinal nerves

Answer 29

mixed

Question 30

what is the dorsal rami

Answer 30

mixed and goes to erector spinae and structures in the back

Question 31

what is the ventral rami

Answer 31

mixed and goes to all the other body regions

Question 32

name the muscles of the back

Answer 32

trapezius
latismuss dorsi
rhomboid major and minor