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Year 2 MBChB Endocrine > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 structures make up the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus

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2
Q

Where specifically does the pituitary gland sit in the skull?

A

Mid-spehnoid pituitary fossa in the sella turcica

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3
Q

Which structure connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland (+ which part)?

A

Infundibulum

Posterior pituitary

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4
Q

Which dural venous sinus drains the pituitary gland + what structures does it contain?

A

Cavernous sinuses

Internal carotid artery + CN III-VI

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5
Q

Where do the cavernous sinuses sit in relation to the pituitary gland and what structure do they form anteriorly?

A

Left and right sit next to pituitary

Form intercavernous sinus anteriorly

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6
Q

What structure does the posterior and anterior pituitary develop from?

A

Posterior = infundibulum

Anterior = Rathke’s pouch

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7
Q

Describe the blood supply in and out of the anterior pituitary.

A

Superior hypophyseal artery supplies anterior pituitary

Inferior hypophyseal artery supplies posterior pituitary

Blood runs through capillary networks

Drains out into the cavernous sinuses

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8
Q

Which cranial nerve does the pituitary sit close to + name of pituitary tumour complication?

A

Optic nerve CN II

Bitemporal hemianopia

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9
Q

Describe the visual pathway.

A

Peripheral light hits nasal retina

Medial light hits temporal retina

Signal travels via CN II to optic chiasm

Travels posteriorly via optic radiation to occipital lobe

Nasal crosses over at chiasm, temporal stays on outside

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10
Q

Which structure lines the floor of the cranial fossa + name for cerebllum and pituitary fossa covering?

A

Dura mater

Tentorium cerebelli

Diapgragm sellae

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11
Q

All sinuses of the … … … system drain into the … … … via the … … of the skull.

A

Dural venous sinus

Internal jugular vein

Jugular foramen

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12
Q

What verterbral level does the thyroid cartilage span from + name of the structure which connects the two lobes?

A

C5-T1

Isthmus

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13
Q

Name the 3 structures the thyroid gland attaches to?

A

Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Trachea

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14
Q

Name the coloured cartilages of the larynx.

A

Green = epiglottis

Red = thyroid

Yellow = cricoid

Blue = arytenoid

Purple = corniculate

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15
Q

Name the main 4 deep fascial compartments of the neck.

A

Pretracheal

Preverterbal

Carotid sheath

Investing

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16
Q

What 2 muscles does the investing fascia contain?

A

Trapezius

SCM

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17
Q

Name the components of the carotid sheaths.

A

Common and internal carotid artery

Internal jugular vein

Vagus nerve CN X

Deep cervical lymph nodes

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18
Q

Name the superior and inferior attachment of the carotid sheaths.

A

Jugular foramen

Mediastinal fascia

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19
Q

Name the 5 components of the pretracheal fascia.

A

Oesophagus

Trachea

Thryoid gland

Strap muscles

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (CN X)

20
Q

Name the course of the right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves from branching off CN X to the larynx.

A

Left hooks under aortic arch

Right hooks under subclavian artery

Both run in trache-oesophageal groove

21
Q

What key muscle of the larynx does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply + what is its significance?

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid

Only muscles that can abduct (open) the vocal cords

22
Q

Name the arrowed structures.

A

Trachea

Larynx

Vocal cords

Corniculate cartilage

Oesophagus

23
Q

Name the arrowed structures of the larynx and vocal cords.

A

Base of tongue

Epiglottis

Vesibular (false) fold

Vocal (true) fold

Aryepiglottic fold

Cuneiform cartilage

Corniculate cartilage

Rima glottidis

24
Q

Describe the arterial supply to the thryoid + where they branch from.

A

Superior thyroid artery, ECA

Inferior thyroid artery, subclavian artery

25
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the thyroid + where they branch to.

A

Superior and middle thyroid vein, IJV

Inferior thyroid vein, braciocephalic vein

26
Q

Describe the main 3 regions/ cells of the thyroid gland.

A

Round follciles with central colloid + outer ring of follicular cells

Dispersed parafollicular (C) cells between follicles

27
Q

Describe the parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of the thyroid gland.

A

Parasympathetic = recurrent and superior laryngeal (CN X)

Sympathetic = sup/middle/inf cervical ganlia of sympathetic trunk

28
Q

Name the two divisions of laryngeal muscles + 2 subcategories of one division.

A

Extrinsic and intrinsic

Extrinsic = suprahyoid and infrahyoid

29
Q

Name these coloured suprahyoid muscles.

A

Green = diagastric anterior and posterior belly

Blue = geniohyoid

Red = mylohyoid

Yellow = stylohyoid

30
Q

What is the general rule about extrinsic laryngeal muscles with regards to the larynx?

A

Suprahyoid + stylopharyngeus elevate

Infrahyoid depress

31
Q

Name these coloured infrahyoid muscles.

A

Blue = omahyoid

Red = thyrohyoid

Yellow = sternothyroid

Green = sternohyoid

32
Q

Name these coloured intrinsic laryngeal muscles + name the missing posterior X-shaped pair.

A

Green = posterior cricoarytenoid

Purple = transverse arytenoid

Blue = lateral cricoarytenoid

Red = thryroarytenoid

Oblique arytenoids

33
Q

What is the alternative name for the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Strap muscles

34
Q

What attaches the posterior thyroid gland to the trachea?

A

Berry’s ligment

35
Q

Describe the innervation of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles.

A

All inferior laryngeal nerve (CN X) except cricothyroid which is superior laryngeal nerve (CN X)

36
Q

Where do the 4 parathyroid glands sit and what 2 cells are they made of?

A

Lateral lobes of the thyroid gland

Chief cells and oxyphil cells

37
Q

What is the name of the large superifical muscle of the neck + innervation?

A

Platysma

CN VII

38
Q

Name the origin and 2 insertions of SCM.

A

Mastoid process of temporal bone

Manubrium

Medial clavicle

39
Q

What week + where does they thyroid gland originate?

A

Week 4

Between anterior 2/3rds and posterior 1/3rd of tongue

40
Q

The throid gland descends attached to the … … and reaches final position at week … of embryogenesis.

A

Thryroglossal duct

Weeks 7

41
Q

The two lobes of the thyroid joint at week … and a … lobe may forn of the … lobe.

A

8

Pyramidal

Left

42
Q

Name 3 anatomical abnormalities of the thyroid gland.

A

Lingual gland

Retrosternal gland

Thyroglossal duct cysts

43
Q

Name the 2 main layers of the adrenal glands.

A

Outer cortex

Inner medulla

44
Q

Name the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex + what they produce + what stimulates them.

A

Outer glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids), angiotensin II

Middle fasciculata (glucocorticoids), ACTH

Inner reticularis (sex steroids), ACTH

45
Q

What is the main cell, function and stimulation of the adrenal medulla?

A

Chromaffin cells

Secrete catecholamines (cortisol and adrenaline)

Sympathetic innervation

Year 2 MBChB Endocrine (14 decks)

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