Chapter 5 Part I emotions

Question 1

emotions

Answer 1

emotions are integrated process that motivates responses feeling, physiology, cognition, behavioral response patter

Question 2

primary emotions

Answer 2

• first day: interest, distress, disgust, contentment

- first months: anger, fear, joy, sadness, surprise

Question 3

why are emotions important

Answer 3

Children communicate their feelings, needs, and wishes to others and regulate other people’s behavior through emotional expression

Question 4

perspectives on emotional development

Answer 4

• biological
• learning
• functional

Question 5

biological perspective

Answer 5

• Charles Darwin: structural view
  (emotional expressions are innate and universal, rooted in human evolution, and based on anatomical structures)
  (basic emotions are the same in everyone)
• identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins at the age they first smile
• evidence consistently supports that biology contributes to the expression of emotions

Question 6

learning perspective

Answer 6

• the frequency with which children smile and laugh is related to their caregivers behavior
• learning can also classically condition children fear response
• parents can help their children manage their emotions

Question 7

functional perspective

Answer 7

• purpose of emotion is to help people achieve their social and survival goals
• the emotion of hope leads children to initiate interaction with the would be friend
• fear leads them to flee
• emotional signals provide feedback that guides other people’s behavior
• memories of past emotions shape how people respond to new situations
• emotions mark relevance; help to make, support or change relationship with environment in order to achieve goals communication: inform others of own state and likely actions
  (need to show others what emotional state so others can coordinate with us accordingly)

Question 8

fear functions

Answer 8

• stranger distress or fear of strangers

- separation anxiety

Question 9

anger functions

Answer 9

• self promotion to overcome challenges, obstacles to attain status
• work harder to get through it, sense of reward
• some anger an motivate and engage challenges
• Carroll Izard: initial response is surprise rather than anger

Question 10

secondary emotions

Answer 10

• 18-36 months: embarrassment, envy, guilt, pride, shame, empathy
• self conscious/ self evaluative
  (emergence of sense of self)
  (understanding that there are standards for behaviors and that these knowledge of the rules and standards apply to itself )
• depending on ones experience in life, more prone to show these emotions
  (parents who react to misbehavior of children and focus on behavior and what needs to be done: when these kids misbehave they show guilt)
  -personal attributions of neg. behavior instead of ACT: kids show SHAME)

Question 11

Identifying Emotions (4 months)

Answer 11

• discriminate strangers; facial expression

Question 12

Identifying Emotions (7 months)

Answer 12

• ERP differences to different emotions; attend to fear
• transition from happiness to fear
• pay more attention to fear faces
• same age where kids become wary of strangers–> orient towards fear expressions
• stranger awareness
• emerge in majority of infants between 7-9 months
• in cultures that emphasize share care giving, babies aren’t afraid of strangers

Question 13

Identifying Emotions (7-10 months)

Answer 13

• social referencing with familiar people
• basing own reaction of others
• do that with familiar people
• infants are less afraid of child strangers, easier to control

Question 14

Identifying Emotions (10 months)

Answer 14

Duchenne Smile

Question 15

Identifying Emotions (12 months)

Answer 15

• social referencing with unfamiliar people too

Question 16

Identifying Emotions (15 months)

Answer 16

• separation anxiety: fear of being separated from mother or other caregiver

Question 17

Identifying Emotions (3-5 years)

Answer 17

• accurate labeling of other’s emotions

Question 18

Identifying Emotions (+6 years)

Answer 18

• increasing ability to make subtle differentiations

Question 19

Understanding Emotions (3-4 years)

Answer 19

• emotional scripts; identify causes of primary emotions
• they have narrative stories they have learned for why and why people feel different emotions
• reasons they can link emotions to events–> articulate and understand

Question 20

thinking about emotions

Answer 20

• matching emotions to situations (emotional scripts)

- Multiple Emotions: person can have more than one feeling at a time and can experience conflicting feelings

Question 21

emotional scripts

Answer 21

A scheme that enables a child to identify the emotional reaction likely to accompany a particular event.

Question 22

emotion regulation

Answer 22

• adjusting dynamic features of emotional experiences (latency, intensity, duration) to support adaptive behavior, attain goal
• tailor emotions to adaptive situations
• sometimes need to feel emotions stronger
• up or down regulate feeling, expression, physiology, cognition

Question 23

Emotion Socialization

Answer 23

• normal maturation course not just product of biology parents directly and indirectly support emotional development

Question 24

Understanding Emotions (4-6 years)

Answer 24

• temporal understanding; past events can affect emotions now
• see someone now who was nice to you before, happy to see that person because they were nice to you before

Question 25

Understanding Emotions (6-8 years)

Answer 25

• can feel 2 similar emotions together

Question 26

Classic Paradigm to studying children emotion and masking

Answer 26

• disappointment
• getting birthday present from someone but you don’t like the present
• have to appreciate to receive the gift
• difficult for young kids
• by 4 years of age, kids can do this

Question 27

The Disappointment Task: can kids fake gratitude

Answer 27

• variety of behaviors
• sometimes kids fake gratitude and show real emotions when examiners leave the room
• emotional masking: understanding display of emotions
• girls always a bit more advanced than boys in emotional competency

Question 28

Socialization by other children

Answer 28

• when peer expresses anger, child expresses anger too

Question 29

Socialization

Answer 29

family members channel children’s impulses into sociallly accepted outlets and teach children the skills and rules they need to function in society

Question 30

Childhood Depression

Answer 30

• the most common emotional problem in childhood
• lose interest in pleasure in nearly all activities for at least two weeks
• irritability and crankiness
• drop in grades
• 2x as many girls

Question 31

Biological Causes for Childhood Depression

Answer 31

• more likely in children with clinically depressed parents

- higher activated amygdala region

Question 32

Social causes of childhood depression

Answer 32

• experience with depressed mothers
• peers
• life stressors

Question 33

Cognitive causes of childhood depression

Answer 33

• learned helplessness: one is helpless to control the events in one’s world

Question 34

treating childhood depression

Answer 34

-cognitive behavior theory

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Question 35

Differences in emotional expressiveness are rooted in _____ and have important implications for children’s later adjustment.

Answer 35

biology