Chapter 5 - Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

Question 1

___ is the reason behind actions. It can be organized into two categories based on internal or external forces: extrinsic ___ and intrinsic ___. The former results into external, tangible rewards or punishment while the later comes from oneself.

Answer 1

Motivation

Question 2

There are different theories for motivation, based on natural inclinations (___ ___), the need to stay alert and awake (___ ___), the need to avoid negative states (___ ___ ___), and based on physiological and psychological needs (__ __ __)

Answer 2

Instinct theory
Arousal theory
Drive-reduction theory
Needs based theory

Question 3

___ ___ is a belief that motivation stems from innate behaviours called ___. These ___ then evolved and developed into behaviours.

Answer 3

Instinct theory

Instincts

Question 4

___ ___ believes that motivation stems from wanting to maintain optimum ___: a state in which one is awake and responsive to stimuli. The ___-___ law proposes a bell-shaped curve between performance and ___. It also believes that ___ levels of arousal are peak for highly cognitive tasks while ___ levels are peak for physical stamina and endurance.

Answer 4

Arousal theory 
Arousal 
Yerkes-Dodson
Low 
High

Question 5

___ are a type of ___ motivation in which one wants to alleviate themselves of a tension feeling from an unmet need. This type of motivation is further divided into ___ and ___ drives, where the former focuses on essentials and the latter on non-biological, emotional or “learned” desires.

Answer 5

Drives
Intrinsic
Primary: food, water, warmth –> sustain bodily functions
Secondary: desire for emotions, or anything non-biological

Question 6

Drives are the backbone of the ___-___ theory, which states that people are motivated to alleviate tension and return to ___: a state of internal, optimal conditions which is usually achieved through ___ ___ loops.

Answer 6

Drive-reduction
Homeostasis
Negative feedback

Question 7

The ___ ___ theory believes that we act based on our needs. Specifically, the needs could be organized based on importance and effort warranted referred to as shown in ___ ___ of ___.

Answer 7

Needs-based theory

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Question 8

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is divided into ___ groups in descending order of importance:

1) ___: breathing, food, water, homeostasis, sex, sleep
2) ___: security of body, family, resources, etc.
3) ___: friendship family, sexual intimacy
4) ___: self confidence, respect of others, achievement
5) ___: creativity, morality, problem solving, fact acceptance

Answer 8

5

1) biological
2) safety
3) love
4) esteem
5) self-actualization

Question 9

___ ___ ___ (SDT) is needs-based theory that believes that the three basic needs below are necessary to find oneself before creating relationships with others.

1) ____
2) ____
3) ____

Answer 9

self-determination theory

autonomy, competence, and relatedness

Question 10

___ ___ believes that the need to avoid punishment and gain reward is the motivation behind behaviour. ___-___ theory is another theory that believes that the behaviour is defined both by how much an individual values the goal and the likelihood of reaching that goal.

Answer 10

Incentive theory

Expectancy-value theory

Question 11

___ - ___ theory is a motivation theory that explains drug-abuse behaviour. It believes that as a substance is taken in, the body will counteract the effects by changing physiology. As a result, the withdrawal symptoms are opposite to the substance’s symptoms. Over time, the body develops ___ to the drugs because of the underlying physiological changes.

Answer 11

Opponent-Process theory

Tolerance

Question 12

___ motivation is impacted greatly by hormones, smell, cognition, and culture and society on norms.

Answer 12

Sexual

Question 13

___ are a type of mental “mood” that is impacted by surroundings and people. Each one has three parts:

1) ___: autonomic nervous system changes like heart rate, blood pressure, skin temperature, breathing rate, etc.
2) ___: how one acts with response to body language, including facial expressions
3) ___: personal interpretation of the feeling based on past experiences and perceptive cause

Answer 13

Emotions

1) physiological
2) behavioural
3) cognitive

Question 14

The ___ aspect of emotions includes facial expressions. It is believed that there are seven universal types resulting from evolution:

1) ___: smile
2) ___: frown
3) ___: corner of mouth pulled up
4) ___: eyes wide, lips towards ears
5) ___: nose wrinkling, raised upper lip
6) ___: eyebrows furrowed
7) ___: eyes wide, jaw open

Answer 14

behavioural
happiness
sadness
contempt
fear
disgust
anger
surprise

Question 15

There are many theories surrounding emotions including ___, which believes emotions are an evolutionary response on how to behave physiologically, behaviorally, and cognitively.

Answer 15

Darwin’s

Question 16

Other theories on emotions include the ___-___ theory which follows in the order of a stimulus, which causes a primary physiological arousal, which is then secondarily labelled cognitively as an emotional, and results in a behavioural action.

This theory was proven false in patients with spinal injuries.

Answer 16

James-Lange

Question 17

The ___- ___ theory of emotion believes that after a stimulus occurs, the individual primarily responses in a simultaneous physiological response and cognitive response and then followed by a behavioural act.

This theory fails to explain the vagus nerve, a connection between the peripheral organs and the central nervous system–if the process was simultaneous there should be no dependence between the two.

Answer 17

Cannon-Bard

Question 18

The ___-___ theory of emotion or ___ ___ ___ or ___ ___ ___ believes that after a stimulus occurs, the emotion must be cognitively labelled and then secondarily verified by the surrounding environment.

Answer 18

Schachter-Singer theory
Cognitive arousal theory
Two-factor theory

Question 19

The limbic system is made up of the ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___ ___, and parts of the ___ ___. The system is responsible for both motivation and emotion.

Answer 19

Amygdala
Hypothalmus 
Thalmus 
Fornix 
Septal Nuclei 
Cerebral Cortex

Question 20

The ___ is responsible for using the external environment, including facial expressions, to produce emotions, particularly fear. It is also responsible for storing ___ ___: the feelings experiences during an event.

Answer 20

Amygdala

Emotional memory/implicit memory

Question 21

The ___ is the sensory relay station that proceeds to send information to respective areas of the cerebral cortex.

Answer 21

Thalmus

Question 22

The ___ is responsible for homeostasis, releasing neurotransmitters and hormones, and dictating emotional states.

Answer 22

Hypothalmus

Question 23

The ___ is largely associated with long-term memory and is located in the medial temporal lobe. However, it also works together with the ___ and ___ to produce emotions. It also stores ___ ___ or the memory about what happened during an emotional event.

Answer 23

Hippocampus
Amygdalal
Hypothalmus
Explicit memory

Question 24

Other parts of the brain are also responsible for emotions, including the following:

1) ___ ___: responsible for decision making, personality, and complicated cognitive functioning, and arousal along with positive emotions in the ___ and negative emotions in the ___
2) ___ ___ ___: responsible for connecting with the amygdala and producing emotions
3) ___ ___ ___: responsible for the physiological changes associated with emotions including changes in heart rate, blood pressure, variability in the two, etc.

Answer 24

Prefrontal cortex
Left
Right

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Autonomic nervous system

Question 25

___ is a response to any type of challenging event that will result in changing or adapting a lifestyle.

Answer 25

Stress

Question 26

Each person assesses a stressful situation through ___ ___. This process has two parts: ___ and ___. The process is highly subjective as different people have different strengths and weaknesses. The two stage process can be continous in the situation of ___.

Answer 26

Cognitive appraisal
Primary (Stage 1), Secondary (Stage 2)
Reappraisal

Question 27

In the primary appraisal stage, a subject evaluated whether the situation is either: ___, ___, or ___.

Answer 27

Benign-positive
Irrelevant
Stressful

Question 28

Once the primary appraisal is done and a situation is labelled as ___, the secondary appraisal process begins. This process focuses on whether the situation is a ___, ___, or a ___.

Answer 28

Threatening: future harm
Damaging: present harm
Challenge: overcome and potentially positive

Question 29

A ___ is anything that may result in a stressful situation. It can be anything from nature, work, surroundings, medical conditions, or psychological in nature.

Answer 29

Stressor

Question 30

A stressor is classified based on the response it causes, whether positive (___) or negative (___).

Answer 30

Eustress

Distress

Question 31

Psychological stressors include control and predictability or the lack of, frustration from not achieving a goal, and conflict. Conflict can result in a choice with positive-positive options called ___ or negative-negative options called ___, or one choice with positive and negative consequences called ___.

Answer 31

Approach-Approach
Avoidance-avoidance
Aproach-avoidance

Question 32

Stress activates the ___ ___ ___-the flight or fight response, a branch of the ___ ___ ___. The autonomic nervous system is a division of the ___ ___ ___.

Answer 32

Sympathetic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System

Question 33

The physiological response of stress follows a sequential order called ___ ___ ___. It includes three stages:

1) ___
2) ___
3) ___

Answer 33

General Adaptation Syndrome

1) Alarm
2) Resistance
3) Exhaustion

Question 34

The first stage of general adaptation syndrome is ___. This is when the hypothalmus signals to anterior pituitary via the ____ (CRF), which then signals to the adrenal cortex to release ___, via the ___. Additionally, the hypothalmus signals the adrenal medulla to release ___ and ___.

Answer 34

Alarm 
Corticotropin releasing factor 
Cortisol 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Question 35

The second stage of the general adaptation syndrome is called ___. During this stage all hormones are continously released to keep the body in its constant state of stress.

Answer 35

Resistance

Question 36

The final stage of the general adaptation syndrome is called ___. During this stage, the body can no longer maintain stress and hormone levels.

Answer 36

Exhaustion

Question 37

Symptoms of stress include irritability, moody, tense, and difficulties in concentration and fear. Long term symptoms can cause damage in the body. Ways to combat stress include ___ focused and ___ focused approaches, exercise, and meditation.

Answer 37

Problem focused: how to solve the problem, discussing the problem, and trying to overcome
Emotion focused: deal with feelings, distancing, wishful thinking, focusing on positive