Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FLASHCARDS from MEDED lectures COPY > from oxford handbook > Flashcards

from oxford handbook Flashcards

1
Q

What does a Bounding pulse mean? In what pathology?

A

CO2 retention, liver failure, and sepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does a Small volume pulse mean? In what pathology?

A

aortic stenosis, shock, and pericardial eff usion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does a Collapsing pulse mean? In what pathology?

A

aortic incompetence, AV malformations, and a patent ductus arteriosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does a Anacrotic (slow-rising) pulse mean? In what pathology?

A

aortic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does a Bisferiens pulse mean? In what pathology?

A

aortic stenosis and regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does a • Pulsus alternans mean?In what pathology?

A

(alternating strong and weak beats) suggests LVF, cardiomyopathy, or aortic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does a Jerky pulses mean? In what pathology?

A

H(O)CM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does a Pulsus paradoxus mean?

A

severe asthma, pericardial constriction, or cardiac tamponade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What pathologies are these JVP abnormalities linked with? Raised JVP with normal waveform

A

: Fluid overload, right heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What pathologies are these JVP abnormalities linked with? Fixed raised JVP with absent pulsation

A

SVC obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What pathologies are these JVP abnormalities linked with? Large a wave

A

Pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What pathologies are these JVP abnormalities linked with? Cannon a wave:

A

When the right atrium contracts against a closed tricuspid valve, large ‘cannon’ a waves result. Causes—complete heart block, single chamber ventricular pacing, ventricular arrhythmias/ectopics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What pathologies are these JVP abnormalities linked with? Absent a wave

A

Atrial fibrillation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What pathologies are these JVP abnormalities linked with? Large v waves

A

Tricuspid regurgitation—look for earlobe movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What pathologies are these JVP abnormalities linked with? Constrictive pericarditis:

A

High plateau of JVP (which rises on inspiration—Kussmaul’s sign) with deep x and y descents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What pathologies are these JVP abnormalities linked with? Absent JVP

A

When lying fl at, the jugular vein should be fi lled. If there is reduced circulatory volume (eg dehydration, haemorrhage) the JVP may be absent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What cardiac murmur pathology is associated with this murmur? An ejection-systolic murmur

A
  • Innocent in children and high-output states (eg tachycardia, pregnancy). - aortic stenosis -pulmonary stenosis -HOCM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What cardiac murmur pathology is associated with this murmur? A pansystolic murmur

A
  • mitral or tricuspid regurgitation - ventricular septal defect - late systolic murmur ± midsystolic click
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What cardiac murmur pathology is associated with this murmur? Early diastolic murmurs

A

pulmonary regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What cardiac murmur pathology is associated with this murmur? Mid-diastolic murmurs

A

mitral stenosis (accentuated presystolically if heart still in sinus rhythm), rheumatic fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What murmur radiates to the carotids?

A

aortic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What murmur radiates to the axilla?

A

mitral regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a graham steel murmur

A

Early diastolic murmur + pulmonary regurgitation is secondary to pulmonary hypertension resulting from mitral stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the eponymous signs of aortic regurgitation

A
  • Musset’s sign—head nodding in time with the pulse.
  • Müller’s sign—systolic pulsations of the uvula.
  • Corrigan’s sign—visible carotid pulsations. •
  • Quincke’s sign—capillary nailbed pulsation in the fi ngers.
  • Traube’s sign—‘pistol shot’ femorals, a booming sound heard over the femorals.
  • Duroziez’s sign—to and fro diastolic murmur heard when compressing the femorals proximally with the stethoscope.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What pathology is associated with this cough? Loud, brassy coughing

A

pressure on the trachea, eg by a tumour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What pathology is associated with this cough? Hollow, ‘bovine’ coughing

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve pals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What pathology is associated with this cough? Barking coughs

A

in croup

28
Q

What pathology is associated with this cough? Chronic cough

A
  • pertussis - TB - foreign body - asthma (eg nocturnal)
29
Q

What pathology is associated with this cough? Dry, chronic coughing

A
  • acid irritation of the lungs in oesophageal reflux - side-eff ect of ACE inhibitors.
30
Q
A
31
Q

WHat are causes of Dyspnea?

A
32
Q

What pathology does this type of breathing indicate?

Bronchial breathing

A

Consolidation, localized fi brosis, above pleural/percardial effusion

Harsh with gap between inspiration and expiration. Increased vocal resonance and whispering pectoriloquy

33
Q

What pathology does this type of breathing indicate?

Diminished breath sounds

A

Pleural eff usion, pleural thickening, pneumothorax, bronchial obstruction, asthma, or COPD

34
Q

What pathology does this type of breathing indicate?

Silent chest

A

Life-threatening asthma

35
Q

What pathology does this type of breathing indicate?

Wheeze (rhonchi)

A

Air expired through narrow airways

  • Monophonic (single note, partial obstruction one airway) - Tumour occluding airway
  • Polyphonic (multiple notes, widespread airway narrowing)- • Asthma, cardiac wheeze (LVF)
36
Q

What pathology does this type of breathing indicate?

Crackles (crepitations) - fine and late inspiratory

A

Pulmonary oedema

37
Q

What pathology does this type of breathing indicate?

Crackles (crepitations)- • Coarse and mid inspiratory

A

Bronchiectasis

38
Q

What pathology does this type of breathing indicate?

Crackles (crepitations)- • Early inspiratory

A

• Small airway disease

39
Q

What pathology does this type of breathing indicate?

Crackles (crepitations) • Late/pan inspiratory

A

• Alveolar disease

40
Q

What pathology does this type of breathing indicate?

Crackles (crepitations) • Disappear post cough

A

• Insignificant

41
Q

What pathology does this type of breathing indicate?

Pleural rub

A

• Pneumonia

Pulmonary infarction

42
Q

What pathology does this type of breathing indicate?

Pneumothorax click

A

Shallow left pneumo thorax between layers of parietal pleura overlying heart, heard during cardiac systole

43
Q

what condition is this lung presentation characteristic of?

(There may be bronchial breathing at the top of )

decreased Expansion:

Percussion:(stony dull)

Air entry: decreased

Vocal resonance: decreased

Trachea + mediastinum central (shift away from affected side only with massive effusions ≥ 1000mL)

A

PLEURAL EFFUSION

44
Q

what condition is this lung presentation characteristic of?

A
45
Q

what condition is this lung presentation characteristic of?

A
46
Q

what condition is this lung presentation characteristic of?

Expansion decreased

Percussion note increased

Breath sounds decreased

Trachea + mediastinum shift towards the affected side

A

SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX/ EXTENSIVE COLLAPSE ( LOBECTOMY/ PNEUMONECTOMY)

47
Q

what condition is this lung presentation characteristic of?

A
48
Q

what condition is this lung presentation characteristic of?

Expansion decreased

Percussion note decreased

Vocal resonance increased

Bronchial breathing ±

coarse crackles (with whispering pectoriloquy)

Trachea + mediastinum centra

A

CONSOLIDATION

49
Q

what condition is this lung presentation characteristic of?

Expansion decreased

Percussion noteincreased

Breath sounds decreased

Trachea + mediastinum shift away from the affected side

A

TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX

50
Q

what condition is this lung presentation characteristic of?

Expansion decreased

Percussion note decreased

Breath sounds bronchial

± crackles

Trachea + mediastinum central or pulled towards the area of fibrosis

A

FIBROSIS

51
Q

what are causes of vomitting

A
52
Q

What conditions could cause Epigastric pain?

A

Pancreatitis,

gastritis/duodenitis,

peptic ulcer,

gallbladder disease,

aortic aneurysm.

53
Q

What conditions could cause Left upper quadrant pain?

A

Peptic ulcer,

gastric or colonic (splenic fl exure) cancer,

splenic rupture,

subphrenic or perinephric abscess,

renal (colic, pyelonephritis)

54
Q

What conditions could cause Right upper quadrant: pain?

A

Cholecystitis,

biliary colic,

hepatitis,

peptic ulcer,

colonic cancer (hepatic fl exure),

renal (colic, pyelonephritis), s

ubphrenic/perinephric abscess.

55
Q

What conditions could cause Loin pain?

A

Renal colic, pyelonephritis, renal tumour, perinephric abscess, pain referred from vertebral column

56
Q

What conditions could cause Left iliac fossa pain?

A

Diverticulitis,

volvulus,

colon cancer,

pelvic abscess

infl am m atory bowel disease,

hip pathology,

renal colic,

urinary tract infection (UTI)

, cancer in undescended testis; zoster—wait for the rash! (p454).

Gynae:

torsion of ovarian cyst,

salpingitis,

ectopic pregnancy

57
Q

What conditions could cause • Right iliac fossa pain:pain?

A

appendicitis

Crohn’s ileitis,

Diverticulitis,

volvulus,

colon cancer,

pelvic abscess,

infl am m atory bowel disease,

hip pathology,

renal colic,

urinary tract infection (UTI),

cancer in undescended testis; zoster—wait for the rash! (p454).

Gynae:

torsion of ovarian cyst,

salpingitis,

ectopic pregnancy.

58
Q

What conditions could cause Pelvic:pain?

A

Urological:

UTI,

retention,

stones.

Gynae:

menstruation,

pregnancy,

endometriosis ,

salpingitis,

endometritis

ovarian cyst torsion.

59
Q

What conditions could cause • Generalized: abdominal pain?

A

Gastroenteritis,

irritable bowel syndrome,

peritonitis,

constipation

60
Q

What conditions could cause central abdominal pain?

A

Mesenteric ischaemia,

abdominal aneurysm,

pancreatitis

61
Q

Faecal incontinence:

1. causes

2. Assesment

A

Causes:

Sphincter dysfunction:

  • Vaginal delivery is the commonest cause due to sphincter tears or pudendal nerve damage.
  • Surgical trauma, eg following procedures for fi stulas, haemorrhoids, fi ssures.

Impaired sensation

  • diabetes, MS, dementia, any spinal cord lesions (consider cord compression if acute faecal incontinence).

Faecal impaction

  • overflow diarrhoea, extremely common, especially in the elderly, and very easily treated.

Idiopathic

  • elderly women, this is usually multifactorial, including a combination of poor sphincter tone and pudendal damage leading to poor sensation.

Assesment:

DRE- asses tone

neurology of legs - check for sensation

62
Q

What can cause Flatulence?

What is the main cause?

A
  1. Air swallowing - main gas nitrogen
  2. caeliac- methan, H2, Co2
63
Q
A
64
Q

What are common causes for tenesmus?

A
  • common in IBS
  • caused by tumours
65
Q

What are common causes for steatorrhoea?

A

Ileal disease (eg Crohn’s or ileal resection),

pancreatic disease

obstructive jaundice (due to decreased excretion of bile salts from the gallbladder).

66
Q
A

FLASHCARDS from MEDED lectures COPY (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions