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Nutrition 1 (Semester I) > 8b. Vitamins - Water Soluble > Flashcards

8b. Vitamins - Water Soluble Flashcards

(177 cards)

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1
Q

What is the alternative name for vit B1?

A

Thiamine

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2
Q

What is the active form of B1?

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate

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3
Q

What mineral is needed to convert B1 to thiamine pyrophosphate?

A

Magnesium

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4
Q

What impairs the conversion of B1 to thiamine pyrophosphate?

A

Alcohol

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5
Q

How long can B1 stores in the body last?

A

1 month

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6
Q

What can easily reduce B1 content in food?

A

Processing - milling, chopping, canning, adding sulphites, baking soda

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7
Q

What percentage of B1 content is reduced by boiling/freezing?

A

50%

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8
Q

What percentage of B1 is lost during toasting?

A

30%

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9
Q

Examples of B1 food sources

A

Wholegrains
Nuts
Seeds
Yeast extract

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10
Q

What are the main functions of B1?

A

Energy production

Nervous system functioning

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11
Q

What are the functions of B1 in energy production?

A

Carb, fat, protein metabolism

Formation of acetyl-CoA

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12
Q

What are the functions of B1 in nervous system functioning?

A

Acetyl-CoA is a precursor to acetylcholine

Neurotransmitters e.g. GABA are created by amino acids metabolised by B1

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13
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B1 in energy production?

A

Fatigue
Supporting energy production in increased need
Fertility

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14
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B1 in nervous system functioning?

A 
Cognitive decline/memory loss
Alzheimer's
Parkinson's
Nerve repair
Low mood
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15
Q

What can impair B1 absorption?

A 
Alcohol
Tea
Coffee
OCP
Stress
Antacids
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16
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of B1 deficiency?

A 
Fatigue
Muscle weakness
GIT disturbance
Depression
Irritability
Beri beri
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17
Q

What is B2 also known as?

A

Riboflavin

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18
Q

What colour is B2?

A

Florescent green/yellow

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19
Q

What can reduce the food content of B2?

A

Light
Heating/boiling
Freezing

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20
Q

Examples of B2 food sources

A 
Wholegrains
Nuts
Seeds
Yeast extract
Spinach
Eggs
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21
Q

What are the functions of B2?

A

Energy production
Liver detoxification
Iron metabolism

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22
Q

What are the functions of B2 in energy production?

A

Carbs, fats, protein metabolism
Krebs cycle
Beta-oxidation
Constituent of FAD and FMN energy carriers

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23
Q

What are the functions of B2 in liver detoxification?

A

Phase 1 liver detoxification via CYP450 enzymes

Regeneration of glutathione

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24
Q

What are the functions of B2 in iron metabolism?

A

Main requirement for Fe metabolism

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25
What are the therapeutic uses of B2 in energy production?
Fatigue Migraines Stress
26
What are the therapeutic uses of B2 in liver detoxification?
Liver detoxification programmes
27
What are the therapeutic uses of B2 in iron metabolism?
Anaemia
28
What helps increase intestinal absorption of B2?
Bile salts
29
What decreases bioavailability and absorption of B2?
``` Alcohol Antacids Caffeine Copper Zinc Theophylline (choc) Saccharin ```
30
What can reduce B2 levels in the body?
Smoking Heavy exercise Pregnancy Ageing
31
What are the signs/symptoms of B2 deficiency?
``` Fatigue Weakness Poor concentration Depression Sores at mouth corners Red, dry atrophic tongue Scaly dermatitis ```
32
What is the alternative name for B3?
Niacin
33
What are the B3 vitamers?
Nicotinic acid | Nicotinamide
34
What are the active forms of B3?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)
35
How is B3 synthesised in the body?
From tryptophan
36
How much tryptophan produces 1mg of B3?
60mg
37
Examples of B3 food sources
``` Nuts Seeds Yeast extract Spinach Eggs Meat Fish ```
38
What reduces B3 in foods?
Cooking
39
What are the co-factors that B3 needs to be synthesised?
B2 B6 Iron
40
What is niacin flush?
Skin flush and itch due to supplementation
41
How can you try to avoid niacin flush?
Initial dose of 25mg Then gradually increase Take with 1g vit C
42
Where is B3 mostly stored?
Liver Heart Muscles Kidneys
43
Where is B3 absorbed?
Small intestine
44
What are the functions of B3?
Energy production Cardiovascular Insulin
45
What are the functions of B3 in energy production?
Glycolysis Acetyl-CoA formation Krebs Cycle Fatty acid oxidation
46
What are the functions of B3 in CV health?
Lowers secretion of LDL | Vasodilatory (lowers BP)
47
What are the functions of B3 in insulin?
Glucose-tolerance factor (GTF) which plays an important role in insulin response uses B3
48
What are the therapeutic uses of B3 in energy production?
Fatigue Supporting energy production in increased need Alzheimer's
49
What are the therapeutic uses of B3 in CV health?
CV disease | Hyperlipidaemia
50
What are the therapeutic uses of B3 in insulin?
Diabetes 2 and 1 | PCOS
51
What are the signs/symptoms of B3 mild deficiency?
``` Fatigue Vomiting Depression Indigestion Mouth ulcers Sensitivity to strong light Red tongue ```
52
What are the signs/symptoms of B3 severe deficiency?
``` Pellagra: Diarrhoea Dermatitis Dementia Death ```
53
What conditions can occur with high levels of B3?
Hypotension Hypothyroidism Flush Hepatotoxicity
54
Why can B3 supplementation worsen gout?
B3 competes with urate for excretion
55
What is the alternative name for B5?
Pantothenic acid
56
Examples of B5 food sources
``` Nuts Seeds Avocados Shiitake mushrooms Meat Fish ```
57
How is B5 made?
By intestinal bacteria
58
What could reduce the synthesis of B5?
Antibiotics
59
What percentage of B5 is lost during processing, cooking and freezing?
Up to 80%
60
What are the functions of B5?
Energy production Fat metabolism Stress hormones Antihistamine
61
What are the functions of B5 in energy production?
Carb and protein metabolism | Acetyl-CoA production
62
What are the functions of B5 in fat metabolism?
Synthesis of fatty acids | Degradation of fatty acids
63
What are the functions of B5 in stress hormones?
Acetyl-CoA makes neurotransmitters Co-factor for stress hormones (so used up quickly when stressed)
64
What are the therapeutic uses of B5 in energy production?
Fatigue | Supporting energy production in increased need
65
What are the therapeutic uses of B5 in fat metabolism?
Acne vulgaris
66
What are the therapeutic uses of B5 in stress hormones?
Adrenal fatigue PMS Stress Hormonal dysfunction
67
What are the therapeutic uses of B5 in antihistamines?
Allergies | Hay fever
68
In what situations is there an increased need for B5?
Antibiotics Alcoholics Prolonged stress Recent surgery
69
What are the deficiency signs/symptoms of B5?
Fatigue Burning sensation in feet Tender heals Abdominal distress
70
What is the alternative name for B6?
Pyridoxine
71
What are the active forms of B6 called?
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) | Pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (P5P)
72
Examples of B6 food sources
``` Wholegrains Nuts Seeds Avocados Meat Fish ```
73
Where in the body is B6 synthesised?
Small intestine
74
What reduces the bioavailability of B6?
Processing Preserving Heating Light
75
What factors increase B6 requirements?
``` Alcohol OCP GIT issues Stress Pregnancy Antibiotics Chemotherapy ```
76
What are the functions of B6?
Neurotransmitter Energy production RBC production Methylation
77
What are the neurotransmitter functions of B6?
Synthesis of GABA, dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin
78
What are the energy production functions of B6?
Amino acid metabolism | Releases stored glucose
79
What are the RBC formation functions of B6?
Haem production
80
What are the methylation functions of B6?
Lowers homocysteine
81
What are the therapeutic uses of B6 in neurotransmitter production?
``` GIT motility Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Morning sickness Lactation PMS ```
82
What are the therapeutic uses of B6 in energy production?
Fatigue
83
What are the therapeutic uses of B6 in RBC production?
Anaemia
84
What are the therapeutic functions of B6 in methylation?
CV disease
85
What are the signs/symptoms of B6 deficiency?
``` Skin lesions Dermatitis Tongue inflammation Sores corner of mouth Anaemia Fatigue Depression Hormonal imbalance ```
86
Which drug is depleted by B6?
Levodopa
87
What is the alternative name for B7?
Biotin
88
Why does raw egg consumption deplete B7 availability?
Raw egg whites contain a protein called avidin | Makes biotin unavailable
89
Why do cooked eggs not affect B7 availability?
Protein avidin becomes denatured during cooking
90
Examples of B7 food sources
Wholegrains Nuts Yeast extract Egg yolk
91
What are the functions of B7?
Gene regulation | Blood sugar regulation
92
What are the functions of B7 in gene expression?
Regulates gene expressions | Supports rapidly regenerating tissues e.g. skin, nails, hair
93
What is the function of B7 in blood sugar regulation?
Improves blood glucose control (with chromium)
94
What are the therapeutic uses of B7 in gene expression?
Brittle nails Dry/brittle hair Dandruff
95
What are the therapeutic uses of B7 in blood sugar regulation?
Diabetes | PCOS
96
What are the signs/symptoms of B7 deficiency?
``` Dermatitis Dry, scaly, flaky skin Hair loss/thinning Depigmentation Smooth pale tongue ```
97
What can reduce the production of B7?
Antibiotics
98
What diet may enhance B7 synthesis and absorption?
Vegetarian
99
What may inhibit the absorption of B7?
Anticonvulsant drugs | Alcohol
100
What is the alternative name for B9?
Folate
101
What is the active form of B9?
Tetrahydrofolate (THF)
102
What is folic acid?
The synthetic form of folate
103
Examples of food sources of B9
Leafy greens Avocado Legumes Liver
104
What does the absorption of B9 need?
Adequate pancreatic enzymes
105
What is needed to release B9 from cells?
Vit B12 | removes methyl group
106
What is the 'folate trap'?
Where a lack of B12 means it's unable to remove the methyl group from the folate, and the folate becomes trapped inside cells in its methyl form Unable to perform its functions
107
When B9 supplementation is required, when is it advisable to recommend the methylated form of B9?
People with low B12 | People with methylation issues
108
What are the functions of B9?
CV health Embryo health Formation of RBC
109
What are the functions of B9 in CV health?
Methylation of homocysteine to methionine
110
What are the functions of B9 in embryo health?
Required for the healthy development of neural tube
111
What are the functions of B9 in RBC development?
Erythrocyte synthesis
112
What are the therapeutic uses of B9 in CV health?
Atherosclerosis | Alzheimer's
113
What are the therapeutic uses of B9 in RBC formation?
Anaemia
114
What are the therapeutic uses of B9 in embryo health?
Prevent spina bifida
115
What are the signs/symptoms of B9 deficiency?
Anaemia Skin issues Digestive issues
116
What factors can lead to a B9 deficiency?
``` Alcohol OCP Diuretics Aspirin GIT disorders Diets low in green leafy veg Old age ```
117
Who should consult their GP before B9 supplementation?
Those on methotrexate | Those on anticonvulsants
118
What is the dosage of B9 for preconception/conception care?
600mcg/day
119
What are the safety considerations around B9?
``` Naturally occurring B9 is safe Folic acid (synthetic) supplements have the most drug interactions of all vits High folic acid supplementation can mask B12 deficiency ```
120
What is the alternative name for B12?
Cobalamin
121
What are the active forms of B12?
Methylcobalamin Hydroxycobalamin Cyanocobalamin Adenosyl cobalamin
122
How long can B12 be stored in the liver?
3-5 years
123
Examples of B12 food sources
``` Nutritional yeast Shiitake mushrooms Eggs Fortified cereals Meat Fish ```
124
What are the functions of B12?
Nervous system Energy production RBC production Methylation
125
What are the functions of B12 in the nervous system?
Myelin sheath production Neurotransmitter production Choline for brain function
126
What are the functions of B12 in energy production?
Energy production from fats and proteins
127
What are the functions of B12 in RBC production?
Erythropoiesis
128
What are the functions of B12 in methylation?
Conversion of homocysteine to methionine
129
What are the therapeutic uses of B12 in the nervous system?
Tingling/pins and needles Sciatica MS
130
What are the therapeutic uses of B12 in energy production?
Fatigue
131
What are the therapeutic uses of B12 in RBC production?
Megaloblastic anaemia
132
What are the therapeutic uses of B12 in methylation?
CV disease | Alzheimer's
133
Why can a poor diet lead to B12 deficiency?
Lack of B12 rich foods | Diet rich in highly processed, nutrient depleted foods
134
Why can GIT issues cause a B12 deficiency?
``` Lack of IF Low hydrochloric acid production Low pancreatic enzymes SI issues e.g. Crohn's, coeliac High alcohol ```
135
If a client has a good dietary intake of B12, yet is deficient, what could be the possible cause?
Absorption issue | Problem with methylation
136
What is the most common cause of B12 deficiency?
Malabsorption due to inadequate IF
137
What is B12 deficiency due to lack of IF called?
Pernicious anaemia
138
What is pernicious anaemia?
AI attack on the parietal cells in stomach | that make IF
139
What are the signs/symptoms of B12 deficiency?
``` Fatigue Breathlessness Pallor Tingling Numbness Loss of balance Decreased reflexes ```
140
What is the best way of testing B12?
Testing MethylMalonicAcid
141
Which drugs lower B12 levels?
``` OCP Metformin Excessive alcohol PPIs H2 receptor antagonists ```
142
What may be used to enhance B12 absorption?
Calcium
143
What is the alternative name for vit C?
Ascorbic acid
144
Why are humans more susceptible to disease than animals?
Humans can't synthesise vit C; animals can
145
Does vit C need to be modified by the body in order to function?
No
146
Examples of vit C food sources
``` Fresh, raw fruit/veg Peppers Kiwi Blackcurrants Berries Rosehips ```
147
What in citrus fruits prevents the browning of apples/pears?
Ascorbate oxidase
148
Where is vit C absorbed?
Mouth | SI
149
How is vit C transported into cells?
By glucose transporters
150
What implications does high blood glucose levels have for vit C uptake?
Can inhibit uptake
151
Where does vit C concentrate storage?
Adrenal glands WBC Thymus Pituitary glands
152
What factors increase the breakdown or excretion of vit C?
``` Stress Viral illnesses Alcohol Smoking Heavy metals Aspirin OCP Burns Infections ```
153
What are the functions of vit C?
``` Anti-oxidant Collagen synthesis Cholesterol lowering Endocrine functions Energy production Iron absorption Neurotransmitter synthesis ```
154
What are the AO functions of vit C?
Protects proteins, fats, carbs, RNA and DNA from free radicals Recycles other AOs e.g. vit E, glutathione Upregulates interferons, NK cells, T-cells
155
What are the cholesterol lowering functions of vit C?
Conversion of cholesterol to bile acids
156
What are the iron absorption functions of vit C?
Enhances iron absorption by protecting it from oxidation
157
What are the endocrine functions of vit C?
Synthesis of thyroxine and adrenal steroid hormones
158
What are the collagen synthesis functions of vit C?
Vit C is a co-factor in collagen synthesis | Important for forming strong tendons, ligaments and bones, repairing wounds, improving gum health
159
What are the neurotransmitter synthesis functions of vit C?
Co-factor for production of serotonin
160
What are the energy production functions of vit C?
Transport of long chain fatty acids into the mitochondria for ATP production
161
What are the therapeutic uses of vit C as an AO?
``` Cancer CV disease Alzheimer's Asthma/COPD Cataracts Immune support ```
162
What are the therapeutic uses of vit C as a cholesterol lowerer?
CV disease
163
What are the therapeutic uses of vit C in iron absorption?
Anaemia
164
What are the therapeutic uses of vit C in endocrine functions?
Adrenal fatigue | Hypothyroidism
165
What are the therapeutic uses of vit C in collagen synthesis?
``` OA Cartilage injuries Ligament injuries Gum disease Fracture repair Blood vessels ```
166
What are the therapeutic uses of vit C in neurotransmitter synthesis?
Weak digestion
167
What are the therapeutic uses of vit C in energy production?
Fatigue | Chronic fatigue
168
What are the signs/symptoms of vit C deficiency?
Bleeding gums | Pinpoint haemorrhages under skin
169
What are the signs/symptoms of scurvy?
``` Haemorrhaging from inadequate collagen synthesis Muscle degeneration Rough, brown scaly skin Wounds don't heal Fractures develop ```
170
What happens to the adrenal glands during stress?
They release vit C with other hormones into the blood
171
Does stress raise vit C needs?
Yes | likely due to additional free radical damage
172
What are the subclinical symptoms of vit C deficiency?
``` Susceptibility to infections Poor wound healing Fatigue Skin and gum degeneration Petechiae ```
173
What can unabsorbed vit C from high doses cause?
``` Bowel intolerance (Gastric discomfort and diarrhoea) ```
174
Should high doses of vit C be given in 3rd trimester of pregnancy?
No | Baby will become accustomed to high doses that are unsustainable when born
175
Is vit C toxic?
No, even at high doses
176
In which situations should we be mindful of recommending high doses of vit C?
Haemochromatosis (iron overload) as high dose vit C will increase absorption of Fe Kidney disease and those with gout tendency are prone to forming kidney stones
177
What drug interactions should be considered with vit C?
May reduce effectiveness of warfarin, statins, some cancer drugs Increases oestrogen therapy effects Skews diabetes test results

Nutrition 1 (Semester I) (15 decks)

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