8th Physiology Lecture Exam - Nervous System (Batch 2024) Flashcards by

1.Which of the following sensations would be perceived when the pulse frequency of SA fibers is increased?
- steady pressure
- increased pressure
-tapping sensation
- vibration

steady pressure

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2.Which of the following structures is responsible for detecting head rotation?
- Utricle and Saccule
- Semicircular canals
- Organ of Corti
- Cochlear

Semicircular canals

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3.Which of the following refers to the ability of the eye to adjusts to different distances of light source while maintaining focal length?
- Adaptation
- Accommodation
- Transduction
- Translocation

Accommodation

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4.Which of the following response patterns is associated with Ruffini Endings?
- FA1
- FA2
- SA1
- SA2

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5.Which of the following tracts is involved in the sensation of temperature and pain?
- Lateral Corticospinal Tract
- Posterolateral Tract
- Anterior Spinothalamic Tract
- Lateral Spinothalamic Tract

Lateral Spinothalamic Tract

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6.Which of the following tracts is involved in the sensation of crude touch and pressure?
- Lateral Corticospinal Tract
- Posterolateral Tract
- Anterior Spinothalamic Tract
- Lateral Spinothalamic Tract

Anterior Spinothalamic Tract

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7.Which of the following transports requires
kinesin?
- Fast Axonal Transport
- Slow Axonal Transport
- Retrograde Axonal Transport
- Anterograde Axonal Transport

Anterograde Axonal Transport

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8.Which of the following statements is true of the focal point in myopia?
- posterior to retina
- in front of retina
- always focused on the retina
- in front of the optic disc

in front of retina

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Which of the following response patterns is
associated with Meissner’s Corpuscle?
- FA1
- FA2
- SA1
- SA2

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10.Which of the following is true of taste perception?
- Type of taste is determined by type of receptor protein
- Salty and sour taste is activated by second messenger substances
- Sweet and bitter taste is activated by ion channels
- Chemoreceptors are specialized for several types of taste stimulus

Type of taste is determined by type of receptor protein

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11.Which of the following structures are stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum that is included in the neuronal biosynthetic apparatus?
- Soma
- Schwann Cell
- Golgi apparatus
- Nissl Bodies

Nissl Bodies

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12.Which of the following statements about
Nociceptors is NOT correct?
- has the ability to sense tissue-damaging stimuli
- it originates mostly as free nerve endings
- it has distinct morphological specialization has the ability to become sensitized

it has distinct morphological specialization has the ability to become sensitized

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14.Which of the following responses in sensory afferrents will start firing action potentials at the onset of the stimulus and continue to fire until the stimulus ends?
- Fast-Adapting Fibers
- Slow-Adapting Fibers
- Type 1 units
- Type 2 units

???

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13.Which of the following is not a primary taste sensation?
- sweet
- bitter
- fruity
- umami

fruity

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15.Which of the following structures represents the main termination site for ascending somatosensory information in the diencephalon?
- Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscus Pathway
- Trigeminal Nuclear Complex
- Anteroposterior Nuclear Complex
- Ventroposterior Nuclear Complex

Ventroposterior Nuclear Complex

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16.Which neural apparatus is responsible for the transduction of sound?
- Basilar membrane
- Resissner’s membrane
- Tympanic membrane
- Organ of Corti

Organ of Corti

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17.Which of the following structures is involved in reflex responses to the appearance of a threatening object in the visual field?
- Edinger-Westphal nucleus
- lateral geniculate nucleus
- inferior colliculi
- superior colliculi

superior colliculi

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18.Which of the following structures is responsible for adjusting the optical focus of the eye?
- Lens
- Cornea
- Iris
- Pupils

Lens

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19.Which of the following is true of the relationship between the ciliary body and the lens?
- When relaxed the lens flattens
- When relaxed the lens assumes a spherical shape
- When relaxed tension exerted on the lens decreases
- When constricted tension on the lens increases

When relaxed the lens flattens

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20.Which of the following pain sensations is a phenomenon that occurs when the brain misidentifies the source of the pain?

Neuropathic pain

Referred pain

Phantom limb pain

Radiating pain

Referred pain

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21.Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding dermatomes?

The pattern of innervation is determined
during embryological development.

Receives its densest innervation from the corresponding spinal cord segment.

A given dorsal root ganglion supplies a specific cutaneous region

Transection of a single dorsal root causes liberal sensory loss in the corresponding dermatome

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22.Which of the following muscles is innervated by cranial nerve IV?

inferior oblique

superior oblique

lateral rectus

medial rectus

superior oblique

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23.Which of the following division of dendrites that have daughter branches extending from a more proximal branch?

Primary Dendrites

Secondary Dendrites

Higher-order Dendrites

Lower-order Dendrites

Higher-order Dendrites

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24.Which of the following statements is TRUE of the divisions of the trigeminal nuclear complex?

This complex is composed of 4 sensory divisions.

Motor neurons project to skeletal muscles of the head via the trigeminal nerve.

Proprioceptive information is not conveyed via the trigeminal nerve.

The mesencephalic nucleus contains third-order neurons.

???

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25.Which of the following layers of the retina is hit first by light? inner limiting membrane outer limiting membrane inner nuclear outer nuclear

inner limiting membrane

26.Which of the following major tracts is responsible for motor communication to the brain? Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway Spinothalamic Tract Lateral Corticospinal Tract Posterolateral Tract

Lateral Corticospinal Tract

27.Which of the following structures is responsible for determining the orientation of the head to gravity? Utricle and Saccule Semicircular canals Organ of Corti Cochlea

Utricle and Saccule

28.Which statement CORRECTLY describes the C axons? responsible for first pain produce a dull, diffuse and burning sensation conduct signals faster than Aδ fibers do heat-sensitive

produce a dull, diffuse and burning sensation

29.Which of the following statements is true of presbyopia? lens becomes thinner corrected by bifocal lens there is increased ability of the lens to bend light it is due to increased elasticity of the lens

lens becomes thinner

30.Which of the following transports require dynein? - Fast Axonal Transport - Slow Axonal Transport - Retrograde Axonal Transport - Anterograde Axonal Transport

- Retrograde Axonal Transport

31.Which of the following cells are derived from erythromyeloid stem cells and play an important role in immune responses within the CNS? - Microglia - Satellite cells - Ependymal cells - Astrocytes

???

32.Which of the following divisions of the somatosensory provides information about contact of the skin with objects in the external world? - Exteroceptive Division - Proprioceptive Division - Enteroceptive Division - Trigeminal Division

- Exteroceptive Division

33.Which of the following prevents solutes in the circulating blood from non-selectively crossing into the ECF of the CNS? - Choroid Plexus - Blood Brain Barrier - Blood Retinal Barrier - Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier

- Blood Brain Barrier

34.Which area in the olfactory system is responsible for the primitive response to olfaction? - Medial - Lateral - Inferior - Superior

- Medial

35.Which of the following structures serve as a storage site for synaptic strength and help transmit electrical signals to the neuron's cell body? - Dendritic Spines - Neurofilaments - Microtubules - Golgi apparatus

- Dendritic Spines

36.Which of the following response patterns is associated with Pacinian Corpuscles? - FA1 - FA2 - SA1 - SA2

- FA2

37.Which of the following pathways respond to noxious stimuli? - Spinothalamic tract - Spinoreticular tract - Spinomesenphalic tract - Cosrticospinal tract

- Spinomesenphalic tract

38.Which of the following protects the ear from damaging loud sounds? - vestibular reflex - impedance matching - attenuation reflex - sound transduction

- attenuation reflex

39.Which of the following is a function of the less old olfactory system? - licking of lips - salivation - liking the smell of fried chicken - feeling happy at the smell of fried chicken

- liking the smell of fried chicken

40.Which of the following divisions of the somatosensory system has receptors for monitoring the internal state of the body? - Exteroceptive Division - Proprioceptive Division - Enteroceptive Division - Trigeminal Division

- Enteroceptive Division

41.Which of the following pathways is the most important sensory pathway for somatic pain and thermal sensations from the body? - Spinothalamic tract - Spinoreticular tract - Spinomesenphalic tract - Corticospinal tract

- Spinothalamic tract

42.Which of the following abilities would lost if damage to DC-ML pathway is located above the dorsal column nuclei in the medulla? ipsilateral loss of fine somatosensory discriminatory abilities contralateral loss of fine somatosensory discriminatory abilities ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature contralateral loss of pain and temperature

???

43.Which visual field disturbance do you expect in a patient with a lesion in the optic tract? homonymous hemianopsia quadrantic hemianopsia cortical blindness bitemporal hemianopsia

homonymous hemianopsia

44.Which of the following statements regarding Nucleus Z is not TRUE? - form part of the internal arcuate fibers - form part of the medial lemniscus - ascend to the VPL nucleus of the thalamus - ascend to the VPI nucleus of the thalamus

???

45.Which of the following is the point where specific neuron-to-neuron communication occurs? - Node of Ranvier - Synapse - Soma - Dendritic spines

- Synapse

46.Which of the following response patterns is associated with Merkel’s disks? - FA1 - FA2 - SA1 - SA2

- SA1

47.Which of the following pathways is responsible for controlling the functioning of organs, smooth muscle, and glands? - Somatic Motor Neuron Pathway - Autonomic Motor Pathway - Spinocerebellar Pathway - Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscus Pathway

- Autonomic Motor Pathway

48.Which of the following are the main cytoplasmic organelles in dendrites? - Microtubules and Microfilaments - Nissl Bodies and Golgi Apparatus - Micrtotubules and Nissl Bodies - Microfilaments and Golgi Apparatus

- Microtubules and Microfilaments

49.Which of the following cranial nerves is stimulated by the odor of noxious substances like alcohol and ammonia? - CN I - CN IV - CN V - CN VII

- CN V

50.Which of the following locations contain the somatosensory I cortex (S-I cortex)? - Superior bank of the lateral fissure - Central Sulcus - Postcentral gyrus

- Postcentral gyrus

51.Which of the following nuclei in the DC-ML pathway receives information from the lower part of the body and leg? - Nucleus gracilis - Internal Arcuate fibers - Nucleus cuneatus - Medial Lemniscus

- Nucleus

52.Which of the following is called the blind spot of the eye? - Fovea centralis - Optic disc - Macula densa - Macula lutea

- Optic disc

53.Which of the following is not true of the very old olfactory system? - projections to basal forebrain - liking the smell of fried chicken - feeling happy at the smell of fried chicken - projections to the amygdala

- liking the smell of fried chicken

54.Which of the following structures regulate the microenvironment of the CNS? - Astrocytes - Oligodendrocytes - Microglia - Ependymal Cells

- Astrocytes

55.Which of the following conveys the output of a neuron to other neurons or to muscle cells? - Dendrite - Soma - Axon - Schwann Cell

- Axon

56.Which of the following is true of hyperopia? - Near-sightedness - Too long eyeball - high refractive power of the lens system - corrected with the use of concave lens

- high refractive power of the lens system

57.Which of the following is not true of the vestibular apparatus? - an ampulla is found in each semicircular canal - Semicircular canals all join with the utricle - Utricle oriented vertically - Saccule connects with the cochlea

- Utricle oriented vertically

58.Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT released by nociceptive afferents? - Glutamate - SP - CGRP - Acetylcholine

- Acetylcholine

59.Which of the following locations contain the somatosensory II cortex (S-II cortex)? - Superior bank of the lateral fissure - Central Sulcus - Postcentral gyrus - Insular Cortex

???

60.Which of the following nuclei in the DC-ML pathway receives information from the upper part of the body and arm? - Nucleus gracilis - Internal Arcuate fibers - Nucleus cuneatus - Medial Lemniscus

- Nucleus cuneatus

61.The motor cortex of the frontal lobe is comprised of which of the structures? - Primary motor cortex, Substantia nigra, Globus pallidus - Premotor cortex, Basal ganglia and Descending pathways - Basal ganglia, Substantia nigra, Primary motor cortex - Primary motor cortex, premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex - Supplementary cortex and Premotor cortex

- Primary motor cortex, premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex

63.Which of these areas of the cerebral cortex is involved in providing the motivation and foresight to plan and initiate movements? - premotor area - primary somatic sensory cortex - prefrontal area - basal nuclei - Primary motor cortex

- prefrontal area

64.Which of these pathways is not an ascending (sensory) pathway? - trigeminothalamic tract - spinothalamic tract - dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system - corticospinal tract - spinocerebellar tract

- corticospinal tract

65.Which of the following statements best describes dysmetria? - Difficulty in gauging distance in space - In coordination of movement or gait with the tendency to fall on one side - Overshooting or undershooting a target during coordination testing - The inability to perform successive pronation and supination movements of the forelimbs - Increased in swaying of the body when ocular cues are occluded

- Overshooting or undershooting a target during coordination testing

66.Which part of the cerebellum is correctly matched with its function? Vestibulocerebellum—planning and learning rapid, complex movements Substantia nigra pars compacta – regulation of basal nuclei pathways Spinocerebellum—comparator function Cerebrocerebellum—balance Globus pallidus externa – inhibition of thalamic activity

Spinocerebellum—comparator function

67.Which of the following is the net function of the basal nuclei? Controls truncal tone for maintenance of posture Modulates pain sensation Decreases muscle tone and inhibit unwanted muscular activity Acts as a comparator for motor coordination Affects emotions and emotional responses to odors

Decreases muscle tone and inhibit unwanted muscular activity

68.Wthich of the following structure/s are responsible for granting “permission” to a planned movement? Supplemental Motor area Premotor cortex and Primary motor cortex Alpha motor neurons Cerebrocerebellum and Spinocerebellum Basal ganglia and Thalamus

Basal ganglia and Thalamus

69.Which of the following terms refer to the inability to coordinate rapidly alternating limb movements during testing for cerebellar lesions? Dysarthria Dystonia Dysdiadochokinesia Dysmetria Bradykinesia

Dysdiadochokinesia

70.Which division of the cerebellum is responsible for smooth coordination of movements of the distal limbs for the performance of precise and purposeful movements? Cerebrocerebellum Vestibulocerebellum Archicerebellum Paleocerebellum Spinocerebellum

Cerebrocerebellum

71.What is the net effect of disinhibition of the thalamus by activation of the direct pathway of the basal ganglia? Generation of unintentional movement Difficulty initiating movement Inhibition of movement Stimulation of spontaneous movement Promotion of movement

Promotion of movement

72.A 29-year-old man has a father who died from Huntington’s disease. The son was tested and is positive for Huntington’s disease. Which of the following is true regarding the offspring of those with Huntington’s disease? Half the offspring are at risk only if the affected parent is male Half the offspring are at risk if either parent is symptomatic for the disease before the age of 30 Half the offspring are at risk only if the affected parent is female Half the offspring are at risk for the disease One out of four children is at risk for the disease

Half the offspring are at risk for the disease

73.A 64 year-old right-handed man presents with involuntary twitches of his left hand. He first noticed between 6 months and 1 year ago that when he is at rest, his left hand shakes. He has bilateral cogwheel rigidity with contralateral activation, which is worse on the left. His rapid alternating movements are bradykinetic on the left. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? Parkinson disease Dysdiadochokinesia Huntington disease Cerebellar ataxia Chorea

Parkinson disease

74.Which of the following is the primary efferent neurotransmitter from the substantia nigra? Acetylcholine Dopamine Gamma amino butyric acid Tyrosine Epinephrine

Dopamine

75.What is the globular mass located in the ventral portion of the tegmentum of the midbrain which serves as a relay center for many of the efferent cerebellar tracts? Globus pallidus externa Caudate nucleus Red nucleus Substantia nigra Basal ganglia

Red nucleus

76.Which of the following best describes the function of the primary motor cortex? Stimulation results in complex, patterned movement Stimulation results in discrete movements of the contralateral muscles Stimulation results in inhibition of the thalamus Stimulation results in disinhibition of the basal ganglia direct pathway Stimulation enables maintenance of balance and proper gait

Stimulation results in discrete movements of the contralateral muscles

77.The overall effect of proper function of the basal nuclei is best described by which of the following statements? Act as a comparator for motor coordination Decrease muscle tone and inhibit unwanted muscular activity Maintain balance and posture Affect emotions and emotional responses to odors Modulate pain sensation

Decrease muscle tone and inhibit unwanted muscular activity

78.In the initial phase of spinal shock, are flexia occurs due to: Sudden loss of signal from the sympathetic nervous system Attempt of the nervous system to re-establish synapses Concussion which causes hyperpolarization of the reflex arc Hypersensitivity of reflex muscles following denervation Overactivation of the parasympathetic division of the nervous system

Concussion which causes hyperpolarization of the reflex arc

79.Abnormal posture of the body that involves the arms and legs being held straight out, toes pointed downward and the head and neck being arched backward best describes which of the following? Flexor posturing Acute Spinal shock Decorticate posturing Decerebrate posturing Tonic neck reflex

Decerebrate posturing

80.Huntington disease results from genetic preferential loss of striatal neurons that project to which part of the brain? Internal globus pallidus Corpus striatum External globus pallidus Substantia nigra pars compacta Subthalamic nucleus

External globus pallidus

81.Which of the following is an accurate statement on the function of the substantia nigra? Releases GABA which causes disinhibition of the thalamus Releases dopamine which is excitatory to the indirect pathway of the cortical motor area Releases dopamine which is directly inhibitory to the cortical motor areas Releases dopamine which is inhibitory to the cortical motor areas by excitation of the direct pathway of the corpus striatum Releases GABA which is directly inhibitory to the cortical motor areas

Releases dopamine which is inhibitory to the cortical motor areas by excitation of the direct pathway of the corpus striatum

82.Major spinocerebellar tracts carry which type/s of information to the cerebellum from the upper and lower parts of the body to aid in motor planning mediates which type of sensory feedback? balance 2 point discrimination proprioception nociception muscle tension

proprioception

83.Initial inhibition of the corpus striatal function is mediated by which of the following mechanisms? Binding of Dopamine on D2 receptors of the direct pathway Binding of Dopamine on D1 receptors of the indirect pathway Binding of Dopamine on D1 receptors of the thalamus Binding of Dopamine on D2 receptors of the subthalamic nucleus Binding of Dopamine on D2 receptors of the indirect pathway

Binding of Dopamine on D2 receptors of the indirect pathway

84.The basal ganglia is composed of subcortical clusters of nuclei which includes the globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus in which other structure/s? Putamen and caudate nucleus Caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus Corpus striatum and lentiform nucleus Lentiform nucleus and putamen Putamen, lentiform nucleus and Corpus striatum

Putamen and caudate nucleus

85.Given the function of the parts of the basal ganglia, lesion of the direct pathway will lead to which of the following disorders? Ataxic gait Chorea Difficulty in initiating movement Unintentional non-purposeful spontaneous movement Huntington disease

Difficulty in initiating movement

86.Decerebrate or decorticate posturing as a result of noxious stimuli to the CNS is demarcated by involvement of structures below or above which nervous structure? Globus pallidus externa Red nucleus Caudate nucleus Basal ganglia Substantia nigra

Red nucleus

87.Pathways that contribute to posture by integrating visual, vestibular, and somatosensory information and influences control of axial and proximal muscles terminate in which part of the Central nervous system? Red nucleus Anterior horn cell of the spinal cord Cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem Posterior horn cell of the spinal cord Dorsal root ganglia

Anterior horn cell of the spinal cord

88.Which of the following structures detect muscle stretch and thus provides sensory feedback as to position of the joints? Golgi tendon organ Ib fibers Extrafusal muscles Renshaw cells Muscle spindles

Muscle spindles

89.Which spinal reflex is employed which automatically triggers the opposing limb to provide support while an affected limb moves away from a possible injurious stimulus? Cross extensor reflex Asymmetric tonic neck reflex Righting reflex Withdrawal reflex Symmetric tonic neck reflex

Cross extensor reflex

90.This pathway is important that it mediates sensory feedback necessary to modify movement and identify the position of body in space Spinoreticular Reticulospinal Medial-lemniscal Corticobulbar Spinothalamic

Medial-lemniscal

91.A special region in the frontal cortex provides neural circuitry for word formation Broca's area Limbic association area Wernicke's area Prefrontal association area Prefrontal area

Broca's area

92.Part of the brain which found to be responsible for determining the importance of memories based on associated experiential reward or punishment Superior temporal lobe Middle temporal lobe Prefrontal cortex Thalamus Hippocampus

Hippocampus

93.Type of memory frequently associated with motor activities of the person's body Remote memory Skill memory Long term memory Rut Second nature memory

Skill memory

94. Memory of various details of an integrated thought based on experiences Medium term memory Long term memory Short term memory Skill memory Declarative memory

Declarative memory

95.Working memory is characterized as which of the following? Short term memory Remote memory Long term memory Medium term memory Skill memory

Short term memory

96.Which of the following is found to enable retention of long term memory? Structural changes in the nervous system All of the choices are correct Formation of stable memory tracts Increased presynaptic terminals Increase in vesicles for secretion of neurotransmitters

All of the choices are correct

97. Temporary chemical and structural changes results in the retention of which type of memories? Working memory Remote memory Short term memory Intermediate term memory Long term memory

Intermediate term memory

98.Basis for short-term memory Structural changes in postsynaptic terminals development of stable memory tracts All of the statements are correct temporary memory trace in a circuit of reverberating neurons

temporary memory trace in a circuit of reverberating neurons

99.The ability to form in the mind the thoughts to be expressed as well as choice of words to be used is the function of which of the following? Limbic apparatus Postcentral gyrus Prefrontal cortex Broca's area Wernicke's area

Wernicke's area

100.Area of the brain which receives and analyzes signals simultaneously from multiple regions of both the motor and sensory cortices as well as from subcortical structures Association areas Primary Motor cortex Prefrontal cortex Primary auditory cortex Limbic system

Association areas

1.Which of the following sensations would be perceived when the pulse frequency of SA fibers is increased? * steady pressure * increased pressure * tapping sensation * vibrationt

- steady pressure