PHYSIO-LEC-LE-3-Feed-CSV-2025 Flashcards by

Which of the following statement of the
heart is correct
A. Consist of 2 pumps in parallel
B. Blood flow is bidirectional
C. Systole distends the Aorta
D. Cardiac output is continuous

C. Systole distends the Aorta

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Which of the following blood vessels is
known as the “stopcocks” of the vascular
system?
A. Aorta
B. Vena Cava
C. Small Arteries
D. Capillaries

C. Small Arteries

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Where in the systemic vascular system
will we find the greatest volume of blood?
A. Capillaries
B. Aorta
C. Small Veins
D. Small Arteries

C. Small Veins

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Which of the following statement
regarding the cardiovascular circuit is true?
A. O2-rich blood returns to the heart via the
pulmonary arteries
B. composed of conduits arranged in series
alone
C. total volume of blood is variable
D. capillary blood flow is nonpulsatile

D. capillary blood flow is nonpulsatile

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Which of the following does NOT
describe the blood vessels of the circulatory
system?
A. low frictional resistance in large arteries
B. major pressure drop is across the small
arteries and arterioles
C. direct relationship between blood flow
velocity and cross-sectional area
D. maximal cross-sectional area and
minimal flow rate in the capillaries

C. direct relationship between blood flow
velocity and cross-sectional area

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Which among the estimated extracellular
ion concentrations is normally expected in a
healthy person?
A. Cl- = 145mmol/L
B. Na+ = 145mmol/L
C. K+ = 145mmol/L
D. Ca++ = 145mmol/L

B. Na+ = 145mmol/L

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Which of the following characteristics
describes a fast-response action potential?
A. has phase 1
B. resting potential is less negative
C. RRP extends into phase 4
D. occurs in SA and AV node

A. has phase 1

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Which of the following ions would
determine the membrane potential change
during phase 0 of a fast-response action
potential?

A. Sodium
B. Chloride
C. Calcium
D. Potassium

A. Sodium

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Which of the following is NOT a
characteristic feature of the effective
refractory period?
A. a larger-than-normal depolarization
generates a potential
B. sodium channels are in the inactivated
state
C. prevents a sustained contraction of
cardiac muscle
D. another action potential cannot be
generated

A. a larger-than-normal depolarization
generates a potential

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Which phase of the action potential do
you expect all sodium channels to be
closed?
A. Phase 4
B. Phase 1
C. Phase 2
D. Phase 3

B. Phase 1

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Which of the following correctly
describes a L-type voltage-regulated
calcium channel?
A. the channel is transient
B. activated when membrane voltage
reaches -70 mV
C. enables a long-lasting Calcium
current
D. less abundant in the heart

C. enables a long-lasting Calcium
current

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Which of the following substances would
decrease myocardial contractility
A. isoproterenol
B. norepinephrine
C. acetylcholine
D. catecholamine

C. acetylcholine

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Which of the following ions
counterbalances the influx of Ca++ during
the flat portion of phase 2 on the action
potential?
A. influx of K+
B. influx of Na+
C. efflux of K+
D. efflux of Na+

C. efflux of K+

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Which point in the pressure volume loop
will the aortic valve open?

A. F
B. D
C. A
D. C

B. D

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15.Which point in the pressure volume loop depicts isovolumetric relaxation?

A. C to D

B. A to C

C. F to A

D. D to F

C. F to A

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16.Which of the following mechanisms is the principal means by which heart rate is controlled?

A. Baroreceptor reflex

B. Bainbridge reflex

C.Chemoreceptors

D.Autonomic nervous system

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17.Which of the following mechanisms would explain the increase in myocardial contractility when the heart rate is increased?

A. increasing the storage of Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum

B. more Ca2+ ions enter the cell during each action potential

C. increasing entry of more Ca+2 during the plateau

D. inhibiting the Na+-K+ pump

B. more Ca2+ ions enter the cell during each action potential

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18.Which of the following metabolites autoregulate blood flow to the brain?

A.CO2

B.O2

C.Lactate

D.Adenosine

A.CO2

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19.Which of the following situations demonstrates an increase in myocardial contractility by the Frank-Starling relationship?

A. decreased cardiac output for a given end-systolic volume

B. increased cardiac output for a given end-systolic volume

C. decreased cardiac output for a given end-diastolic volume

D. increased cardiac output for a given end-diastolic volume

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20.Which of the following intracellular concentrations of ions is best correlated with myocardial contractility?

A.Mg++

B.Ca++

C.K+

D.Na+

B.Ca++

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21.Which of the following term is defined as the ratio of the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat to the volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole

A.preload

B.afterload

C.cardiac output

D.ejection fraction

EF = SV/EDV

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22.Which of the following mechanism is responsible for the physiologic splitting of the second heart sound?

A. decreased blood flow from an inspiration-induced increase in venous return

B. increased blood flow from an inspiration-induced increase in venous return

C.increased blood flow from an inspiration-induced decrease in venous return

D.decreased blood flow from an inspiration-induced decrease in venous return

B. increased blood flow from an inspiration-induced increase in venous return

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23.Which of the following heart sounds is caused by the oscillation of blood and cardiac chambers as a result of atrial contraction?

A.S4

B.S2

C.S1

D.S3

A.S4

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24.Which of the following terms is defined as the heart rate that prevails after complete autonomic blockade?

A. normal heart rate

B. resting heart rate

C. extrinsic heart rate

D. intrinsic heart rate

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25.Which of the following changes in heart rate during respiration is correct? A. accelerates during inspiration and decelerates during expiration B. accelerates during inspiration and expiration C. decelerates during inspiration and expiration C. decelerates during inspiration and accelerates during expiration

A. accelerates during inspiration and decelerates during expiration

26.Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for the rhythmic variation in heart rate during respiration? A. changes in sympathetic activity B. changes in vagal activity C. changes in both vagal and sympathetic activity D. no relationship with vagal or sympathetic activity

B. changes in vagal activity

27.Which of the following effects would occur if the atrial receptor were distended? A. increase in heart rate, decrease in urine volume B. decrease in heart rate and urine volume C. decrease in heart rate, increase in urine volume D. increase in heart rate and urine volume

D. increase in heart rate and urine volume

28.Which of the following is NOT true of the baroreceptor reflex? A. change in arterial blood pressure result in an inverse change in heart rate B. entirely brought about by changes in vagal activity C. receptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses D. prevails over the Bainbridge reflex when blood volume diminishes

B. entirely brought about by changes in vagal activity

29.Which of the following does NOT describe the Bainbridge reflex? A. IV infusion of blood accelerates heart rate when heart rate is slow B. heart rate increased when central venous pressure is increased C. prevails over the baroreceptor when blood volume diminishes D. abolished by bilateral transection of the vagus nerves

C. prevails over the baroreceptor when blood volume diminishes

30.Which of the following events occurs when the primary mechanism of the chemoreceptor reflex is stimulated? A. excite medullary vagal center, increase heart rate B. excite medullary vagal center, decrease heart rate C. inhibit medullary vagal center, increase heart rate D. inhibit medullary vagal center, decrease heart rate

B. excite medullary vagal center, decrease heart rate

31.Which of the following substances is considered a vasodilator? A. Thromboxane A2 B. Nitric Oxide C.Endothelin D.Angiotensin II

B. Nitric Oxide

32.Which of the following fetal tissues does NOT receive the most oxygen? A.legs B.heart C.head D.liver

A.legs

33.Which of the following does NOT describe the blood brain barrier? A. includes the tight junction proteins and endothelial cytoskeleton B. does not include the neurovascular unit C. regulates ion and nutrient transport D. limits entry of harmful substances

B. does not include the neurovascular unit

34.Which of the following factors does NOT contribute in maintaining the basal vessel tone? A. presence of Ca++ B. nervous system C. myogenic response to stretch D. high PO2 of arterial blood

B. nervous system

35.What is the primary effect of norepinephrine on the vascular beds? A. low concentrations dilate resistance vessels, high concentrations produce constriction B. Primary vasodilation C. high concentrations dilate resistance vessels, low concentration produce constriction D. primary vasoconstriction

D. primary vasoconstriction

36.Which of the following events would cause the contraction of the vascular smooth muscle when considering the myogenic mechanism? A. increase in transmural pressure B. decrease in transmural pressure C. decrease in metabolic activity D. increase in metabolic activity

D. increase in metabolic activity

37.Which features of the vagus nerve exert control over the SA and AV node? A. prolonged latency and rapid decay B. Brief latency and slow decay C. Prolonged latency and slow decay D. Brief latency and rapid decay

D. Brief latency and rapid decay

38.Which of the following compensatory changes should occur when a person moves from a supine position to a standing position? A. increase sympathetic outflow resulting to increased contractility B. decreased venous return contributing to decreased cardiac output C. decrease parasympathetic outflow leading to a decreased heart rate D. activation of the vasomotor center resulting to decreased TPR

A. increase sympathetic outflow resulting to increased contractility

39.Which of the following mechanisms would explain the fall in arterial pressure upon standing up in an person who has had a sympathectomy? A. an exaggerated response of the baroreceptor mechanism B. a suppressed response of the brainbridge reflex C. an exaggerated response of the brainbridge reflex D. a suppressed response of the baroreceptor mechanism

A. an exaggerated response of the baroreceptor mechanism

40.Which of the following conditions will increase cardiac output? A.hypertension B.severe hypoxemia C.supraventricular tachycardia D.normal inspiration

D.normal inspiration

41.Which of the following statement does NOT describe the cardiac output in the cardiac function curve? A. It is dependent on right ventricular end-diastolic pressure B. it is dependent on left ventricular end-diastolic pressure C. It is dependent on right atrial pressure D. It is dependent on central venous pressure

B. it is dependent on left ventricular end-diastolic pressure

42.Which of the following caused the upward shift in the cardiac function curve? A. increased blood volume B. increased mean systemic filling pressure C. increased total peripheral resistance D. increased contractility

D. increased contractility ## Footnote c**HR**onotropic : Heart Rate **D**romotropic : conDuction ino**T**ropic : conTraction UPWARD shift (+) Inotropism = Increase contraction DOWNWARD shift (-) Inotropism = Decrease contration

43.Which of the following substances would cause a downward shift in the cardiac function curve? A. giving negative inotropes B. giving a vasoconstrictors C. giving intravenous saline D. giving positive chronotropes

A. giving negative inotropes ## Footnote c**HR**onotropic : Heart Rate **D**romotropic : conDuction ino**T**ropic : conTraction UPWARD shift (+) Inotropism = Increase contraction DOWNWARD shift (-) Inotropism = Decrease contration

44.Which of the following effects can be derived from the cardiac function curve? (Graph at number 42) A. an increase in cardiac output alone B. a decrease in stroke volume alone C. a decrease in both stroke volume and cardiac output D. an increase in both stroke volume and cardiac output

D. an increase in both stroke volume and cardiac output | Orange Pointer ## Footnote ino**T**ropic : conTraction DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL ↑inotropy: Stronger heart contraction →↑ SV → ↑ CO ↓inotropy: Weaker heart contraction → ↓ SV → ↓ CO

45. Which of the following statements can be derived from the cardiac and vascular function curve? A. increase in mean systemic filling pressure B. decrease in venous return in the new state C. decrease in cardiac output in the new state D. increase in myocardial contractility

A. increase in mean systemic filling pressure ## Footnote ↓Blood Pressure = CO x TPR CO = HR x SV *Cardiac Output DID NOT MOVE (NO Inotropic) Venous function curve: (Only one that moved UPWARD) **DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL** UPWARD ↑BV = ↑BP = ↑CO = ↑ Mean systemic filling pressure DOWNWARD ↓BV = ↓BP = ↓CO = ↓ Mean systemic filling pressure

46.Which of the following factors caused the change in the cardiac and vascular function curve (depicted by the dashed line)? Refer to the graph A. increase in blood volume B. increase in myocardial contractility C. increase in venomotor tone D. increase in cardiac output

A. increase in blood volume ## Footnote ↓Blood Pressure = CO x TPR CO = HR x SV *Cardiac Output DID NOT MOVE (NO Inotropic) Venous function curve: (Only one that moved UPWARD) **DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL** UPWARD ↑BV = ↑BP = ↑CO = ↑ Mean systemic filling pressure DOWNWARD ↓BV = ↓BP = ↓CO = ↓ Mean systemic filling pressure ***Take NOTE*** Venous Return Curve **Poiseuille's Equation (Total Peripheral Resistance)** Resistance = 8(Viscosity of blood)(Length of BV)/ Radius of the Vessel DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL ↑Resistance = ↑Viscosity,↑ Length INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL ↑Resistance = ↓ Radius of the Vessel (Venomotor Tone)

47.Which of the following effects is NOT seen in the cardiac and vascular function curve? (Graph at number 42) A. increase in venous return B. increase in myocardial contractility C. increase in cardiac output D. increase in mean systemic filling pressure

B. increase in myocardial contractility

48.Which of the following controls the circulation in the skeletal muscles during exercise A. parasympathetic nervous system B.autoregulation C.local metabolic factors D.sympathetic nervous system

C.local metabolic factors

49.Which of the following has a profound effect in limiting exercise performance? A. blood O2 extraction B. O2 consumption of the muscles C. delivery of blood to the active muscles D. arterial O2 saturation

C. delivery of blood to the active muscles

50.Which of the following events is expected to occur during exercise? A. reduction in total peripheral resistance increases venous return B. vagus nerve impulse are stimulated resulting to an increase in heart rate and myocardial contractile force C. sympathetic nervous system is inhibited D. vascular resistance decrease in the skin, kidneys, splanchnic regions, and inactive muscles

A. reduction in total peripheral resistance increases venous return

51. Which of the following decompensatory mechanisms is involved during an acute blood loss? A. initial phase of contractility B. mononuclear phagocytic system function is increased C. myocardial contractility is depressed D. acidosis stimulates the heart

B. mononuclear phagocytic system function is increased

52. Which of the following statements best describe the compensatory mechanisms during an acute blood loss? A. threshold for stimulation of baroreceptors is at an arterial pressure of 40mmHg B. NaCl and water excretion is increased C. reduction of vagal tone and enhancement of sympathetic tone D. direction of the secondary changes in pressure is toward the direction of the initiating change

C. reduction of vagal tone and enhancement of sympathetic tone

53. Which of the following components is expected to decrease when administering a positive inotropic agent? A. heart rate B. cardiac output C. end-systolic volume D. stroke volume

E. end-systolic volume

54. Which of the following parameters is NOT expected to increase during moderate exercise? A. cardiac output B. heart rate C. pulse pressure D. total peripheral resistance

D. total peripheral resistance

55. Which of the following variables can be used to interchangeably to label the x-axis in a cardiac and vascular function curve? A. end-diastolic volume B. end-systolic volume C. pulse pressure D. mean systemic filling pressure

E. end-diastolic volume

56. Which of the following conditions would favor edema formation? A. rise in venous pressure B. vasoconstriction of the arterioles C. increase in the plasma protein concentration D. enhanced muscular activity

A. rise in venous pressure

57. Which of the following statements regarding blood pressure measurement is correct? A. as inflation pressure approaches the diastolic level, the Korotkoff sounds start to appear B. Korotkoff sounds start to disappear when inflation pressure falls just below the systolic level C. if the inflation pressure is above the systolic level, no blood passes through the brachial artery D. systolic pressure may be estimated by palpation of the brachial artery

C. if the inflation pressure is above the systolic level, no blood passes through the brachial artery

58. Which of the following blood vessels in the vascular system has the highest systolic blood pressure? A. renal artery B. central vein C. pulmonary artery D. aorta

A. renal artery

59. Which of the following parameters is expected to decrease if the ejection fraction was increased? A. stroke volume B. cardiac output C. end-diastolic volume D. end-systolic volume

E. end-systolic volume

60. Which of the following conditions is NOT expected when there is an increase in arteriolar resistance? A. elevation in arterial pressure B. increase in total peripheral resistance C. rise in capillary filtration D. step up in the afterload

C. rise in capillary filtration

61. Which of the following conditions would explain the greatest drop in pressure that occurs in the arterioles? A. they have the greatest surface area B. velocity of blood flow is highest in these vessels C. they possess the greatest cross-sectional area D. they have the greatest resistance

E. they have the greatest resistance

62. Which of the following characteristics is true regarding the venous system? A. after standing up, venous pressure rises slowly due to venous valves B. veins are distensible and have high resistance C. gravitational forces do not influence the system D. muscular contraction promotes venous pooling and increases capillary hydrostatic pressure

A. after standing up, venous pressure rises slowly due to venous valves

63. Which of the following statements is true regarding pulse pressure? A. decreases with aging due to decrease in capacitance of arteries B. difference between mean arterial pressure and central venous pressure C. ratio of the ejection fraction to the end diastolic volume D. difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure

D. difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure

64. Which of the following would explain the fall in arterial pressure upon standing up in a person who has had a sympathectomy? A. a suppressed response of the brainbridge reflex B. an exaggerated response of the brainbridge reflex C. a suppressed response of the baroreceptor mechanism D. an exaggerated response of the baroreceptor mechanism

C. a suppressed response of the baroreceptor mechanism

65. Which of the following is true of the circulatory changes that occur at birth? A. closure of the umbilical vessels increases total peripheral resistance and the arterial blood pressure B. continuation of blood flow to umbilical vein because ductus venosus open closes C. increased in pulmonary vascular resistance as the lungs fill with air D. thickness of the right ventricle is greater than the left ventricle

A. closure of the umbilical vessels increases total peripheral resistance and the arterial blood pressure

66. Which of the following factors is the major regulator of coronary blood flow? A. coronary resistance B. aortic pressure C. extravascular compression D. blood viscosity

A. coronary resistance

67. Which of the following would explain the physiologic response to embarrassment or anger? A. cerebral inhibition of the sympathetic nerve B. cerebral stimulation of the sympathetic nerve C. cold-induced shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left D. stimulation of temperature-regulating centers in the anterior hypothalamus

A. cerebral inhibition of the sympathetic nerve

68. Which of the following medications can cause the phenomenon coronary steal? A. dypiridamole B. carvedilol C. isosorbide dinitrate D. verapamil

E. dypiridamole

69. A 30-year-old woman went for consult due to severe diarrhea. Her blood pressure then was 90/60 mmHg with her heart rate at 100 beats/min. When she stood up the doctors noticed her heart rate increased to 120 beats/min. After standing up, she felt dizzy and light-headed. Which of the following would explain the patient’s symptoms? A. increase in venoconstriction, increased total peripheral resistance, increased arterial pressure B. decreased in venous return, decreased preload, decreased cardiac output

B. decreased in venous return, decreased preload, decreased cardiac output

70. Which of the following reflexes are stimulated by the reduction in cardiac output seen in patients with CHF? A. Bainbridge reflex B. chemoreceptor reflex C. ventricular receptor reflex D. baroreceptor reflex

D. baroreceptor reflex

71. Which of the following mechanisms do NOT of congestive heart failure? A. increased PVR due to activation of the baroreceptor reflex B. decreased cardiac output due to an increase in stroke volume C. decreased ejection fraction due to decreased myocardial contractility D. increased LVEDV due to decreased ejection fraction

D. increased LVEDV due to decreased ejection fraction

72. Which of the following interventions would provide relief in congestive heart failure? A. regular salt diet B. fluid resuscitation C. reduce afterload D. increase preload

C. reduce afterload

73. Which of the following mechanisms explain bipedal edema in congestive heart failure? A. increase arteriolar resistance B. decrease in post capillary resistance C. increase interstitial pressure D. increase hydrostatic pressure

D. increase hydrostatic pressure

74. Which of the following cardiovascular changes is NOT seen before starting a race? A. increase in myocardial contractility B. increase in heart rate C. increase in BP D. decrease in peripheral vascular resistance

D. decrease in peripheral vascular resistance

75. Which of the following is NOT an effect of exercise on blood flow? A. increased blood flow to the skin B. decreased flow to kidneys C. increased flow to inactive muscles D. decreased flow to GI tract

C. increased flow to inactive muscles

1. True statement about the electrocardiogram

Monitors electrical activity

2. Which of the following is the least accurate with regards to the information which can be provided by electrocardiography

???

3. The rhythmical and conductive system of the heart is susceptible to damage. this can be brought about by which of the following?

Ans: schemia of the heart tissues

4. Which of the following conditions are true due to the characteristic of the electrical conduction system of the heart? (PQ/PR segment)

Ans: The delay in the conduction system from the atria to the ventricle

5. Depolarization phase of the cardiac action potential

Ans: Phase 0

6. True statement about the cardiac action potential

Ans: Brief outward flow of K+ returns the TMP to approximately 0 mV

7. Which of the following is an accurate statement about the sinoatrial node?

Ans: It is the normal pacemaker of the heart

8. Which is responsible for the delay in conduction of the electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricle?

Ans: Atrioventricular node & conducting fibers surrounding the AV node

9. Where is the atrioventricular node located?

Ans: Posterior wall of the right atrium behind the tricuspid valve

10. Characteristic of the conduction impulse from the AV node to the bundle branches

Ans: Only made possible through the A-V bundle in normal states

11. True statement regarding the distribution of the conductive pathway of the heart

Ans: Ventricular contraction begins at the apex of the heart

12. Normal discharge rate of components of the electrical conduction system of the heart includes

Ans: Sino atrial node: 70-80 discharges per minute

13. Understanding of the electrocardiogram enables physicians, such as yourself to determine which part of the heart is pathologic pending further studies. Which of the following is true?

Ans: Changes in lead II, III and Avf may indicate disorders of the inferior wall of the heart

14. Which of the following ECG leads coincides the best with the vector of impulse conduction through the normal heart?

Ans: Lead II

15. In electrocardiography, which of the following combination of electrodes corresponds to the appropriate ECG leads?

Ans: RA to F: Lead II

16. Positive deflection of which of the following may indicate wrong placement of the arm leads?

Ans: aVR

17. Vector measurement of the electrical impulse in the heart using an EKG is based on which of the following?

Ans: movement of potential difference from the anode to the cathode

18. Which of the following events correspond to the correct component of ECG tracing?

Ans: QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization

19. Normal Sinus Rhythm on ECG indicates that

Ans: Cardiac impulses originate from the SA node at a rate of 60-99 beats per minute, Presence of P wave with each beat, Each P wave is followed by a QRS wave

20. On EKG tracings, ___ small square is equal to 1 minute interval

Ans: 25

21 . Given the ECG tracing shown, what is the patient’s heart rate (beats per minute)?

Ans: 75

22. True statement about the cardiac axis

Ans: Refers to the mean direction of the action potentials traveling through the ventricles during ventricular activation

23. Which of the following can result in cardiac arrhythmia?

Ans: Abnormal rhythmicity of the cardiac pacemaker, presence of an ectopic pacemaker, block in the cardiac conduction pathway

24. Which of the following can cause Sinus tachycardia?

Ans: fever

25. Which of the following arrhythmias has the most detrimental effect on the physiologic function of the heart?

Ans: Ventricular Fibrillation

PHYSIO-LEC-LE-3-Feed-CSV-2025 Flashcards

(100 cards)