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Cell Bio 2019 > 9/4/19 > Flashcards

9/4/19 Flashcards

(99 cards)

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1
Q

all living things are built from

A

cells

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2
Q

cells are

A

small, membrane-enclosed units filled with a concentrated aqueous solution of chemicals and endowed with the ability to create copies of themselves by growing and dividing into two

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3
Q

cell bio

A

study of cells and their structure, function, and behavior

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4
Q

cells vary enormously in

A

appearance and function

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5
Q

central dogma

A

genetic flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein

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6
Q

flow of central dogma

A

replication, DNA, transcription, RNA, translation, protein

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7
Q

living cells are self replicating…

A

collections of catalysts

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8
Q

DNA and RNA provide

A

the sequence information that is used to produce proteins and to copy themselves

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9
Q

Proteins provide

A

catalytic activity needed to synthesize DNA, RNA, and themselves

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10
Q

the relationship between DNA, RNA, and proteins makes

A

self replication possible

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11
Q

Genes provide instructions for

A

the form, function, and behavior of cells and organisms

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12
Q

cells genome

A

the entire sequence of nucleotides in an organism’s DNA

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13
Q

a cells genome provides

A

a genetic program that instructs a cell how to behave

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14
Q

differentiated cell types are generated

A

during embryonic development from a single fertilized egg cell (stem cell), and they contain identical copies of the DNA of the species

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15
Q

different cells express different genes, that is,

A

use their genes to produce some RNAs and proteins and not others, depending on their internal state and cues received from their surroundings

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16
Q

light microscopes

A

use visible light to illustrate specimens, and allow to see intricate structures

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17
Q

electron microscopes

A

use beams of electrons as the source of illumination. Electrons have a shorter wavelength, so extend ability to see fine details of cells, and even some larger molecules individually

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18
Q

what led to the discovery of cells

A

the invention of the light microscope

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19
Q

1m=

A

10^3 mm, 10^6 microm, 10^9 nm

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20
Q

__ are the most diverse and numerous cells on earth

A

prokaryotes

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21
Q

prokaryote facts

A

before nucleus, some are aerobic, some anaerobic, virtually any organic, carbon-containing material from wood to petroleum- can be used as food, some bacteria can live on inorganic substances: can get carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere, nitrogen from atmospheric N2, and O,H,S,P from air, water, and inorganic minerals, some bacteria use photosynthesis, living things depend on the organic compounds these cells generate from inorganic materials. Plants depend on bacteria to capture N2 from the atmosphere

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22
Q

3 types of bacteria

A

spherical, rod, spiral

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23
Q

size of prokaryotes

A

few micrometers

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24
Q

E.Coli model

A

about 2.5-3 micrometers, outermsmbrane, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm

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25
some bacteria are
photosynthetic
26
2 domains of prokaryotes
bacteria and archaea
27
most prokaryotes are what domain
bacteria
28
archaea can be found
in everyday life and hostile environments
29
eukaryote facts
truly nucleus, include plants, animals, fungi, some are single cells, some multicellular, by def, have a nucleus
30
simple free-living eukaryotes
yeasts
31
yeast cells reproduce by
growing a bud and dividing asymmetrically into a large mother cell and a small daughter cell (budding yeast)
32
the information store of the cell
nucleus
33
mitochondria generate
usable energy from food to power the cell
34
where are individual mitochondria found
enclosed in 2 separate membranes, with the inner membrane formed into folds that project into the interior of the organelle
35
mitochondria harnesses the energy from
oxidation of food molecules
36
mitochondria forms
ATP- the basic chemical fuel that powers most of the cells activities
37
mitochondria contains _ and reproduces by
own DNA, reproducing and dividing in 2
38
mitochondria was formed_
derived from bacteria that were engulfed by some ancestor of present-day eukaryotic cell (symbiotic relationship)
39
chloroplasts capture
energy from sunlight
40
chloroplasts are found
in cells of plant and algae, are large, green organelles
41
chloroplasts posses
internal stacks of membranes containing the green pigment chlorophyll
42
chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis by
trapping the energy of sunlight in their chlorophyll molecules and using this energy to drive the manufacture of energy rich sugar molecules
43
chloroplasts release_ as a molecular by product. Plant cells can then extract this chemical stored energy by oxidizing these sugars in their mitochondria and produce ATP like animal cells
oxygen
44
internal membrane creates
intracellular compartments with different functions
45
the cytoplasm contains a profusion of
other organelles that are surrounded by single membranes
46
most structures in cytoplasm are involved with the cell's ability to
import raw materials and to export both the useful substances and waste products that are produced by the cell
47
ER is an
irregular maze of interconnected spaces enclosed by a membrane
48
ER is the site where most cell membrane compartments, as well as materials destined for export_
are made
49
ER is enlarged in cells that
are specialized for the secretion of proteins (ex- pancreatic cell)
50
what makes up the Golgi
stacks of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs
51
Golgi function
modifies and packages molecules made in ER that are destined to be secreted from the cell or transported to another cell compartment
52
a continual exchange of materials take place between the
ER, Golgi, lysosomes, and the outside of the cell
53
the material exchange is mediated by
transport vesicles that pinch off from the membrane of one organelle and fuse with another
54
endocytosis
at the surface of the cell, portions of the plasma membrane tuck inward and pinch off to form vesicles that carry material captured from the external medium into the cell
55
exocytosis
vesicles from inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the external medium. Most of the hormones and signal molecules that allow cells to communicate with one another are secreted from cells
56
lysosomes
are small irregularly shaped organelles in which intracellular digestion occurs, releasing nutrients from ingested food particles and breaks down unwanted molecules for either recycling within the cell or excretion from the cell
57
peroxisomes
small, membrane enclosed vesicles that provide a safe environment for a variety of reactions in which hydrogen peroxide is used to inactivate toxic molecules
58
membranes also form_ that ferry materials between one membrane-enclosed organelle to another
different types of small transport vesicles
59
cytosol
part of the cytoplasm that is not contained within intracellular membranes
60
cytosol contains
a host of large and small molecules, crowded together so closely that it behaves like a water-based gel than a liquid solution
61
cytosol is the site_
of many chemical reactions that are fundamental to the cells existence
62
in eukaryotic cells, the cytosol is crisscrossed by _, They are seen_
long, fine filaments, anchored at one end to the plasma membrane or to radiate out from a central site adjacent to the nucleus
63
cytoskeleton
system of protein filaments, composed of 3 major filament types
64
thinnest filament in cytoskeleton, with location and function
actin, abundant in all eukaryotic cells but occur especially in large numbers inside muscle cells, where they serve as central part of the machinery responsible for muscle contraction
65
thickest filament in cytoskeleton, what they do
microtubules (because they have the form of minute hollow tubes). In dividing cells, they become reorganizes into a spectacular array that helps pull the duplicated chromosome in the opposite directions and distribute them equally to the 2 daughter cells
66
_ serve to strength the cell
intermediate filaments
67
a model bacterium
Escherichia coli
68
E. coli info
single celled organism, simple in structure, 1 double stranded circular chromosomal DNA (4.6M base pairs and 4000 genes), is a routine workhorse for protein/enzyme (and biofuels) production and biotech apps ie bioremediation
69
Gram negative have three structural layers surrounding the cytoplasm. Explain
the outer membrane end cytoplasmic membrane are lipid bilayers and the cell wall is made of peptidoglycan
70
many bacteria contain
plasmids
71
many bacteria compete for nutrients and habitat by
secreting toxins (ie bacteriocins) encoded by an extrachromosomal genetic element called a plasmid
72
plasmids contain
an origin for DNA replication. When the host cell divides, the plasmid divides
73
recombinant plasmids can be created by
removing bacteriocin genes and inserting genes of interest to be expressed efficiently in bacteria. Recombinant plasmids are key to biotechnology
74
Saccharomyces cerevisiae aka, is a __
yeast, model eukaryote
75
yeasts have their genomes_
encased in a nuclear envelope
76
(yeast) nucleus and cytoplasm are separated, but communicate with each other through
gated channels called nuclear pores
77
yeast has __ that have __-2 features not found in bacteria
16 linear chromosomes, telomeres and centromeres
78
yeast vs E. coli growth time
yeast doubles in 90 minutes, E.coli in 20. although slower than bacteria, the growth of yeast is fast in comparison to other eukaryotes. Like bacteria, yeast cells can be stored for weeks in the fridge and be frozen for years at -70C
79
yeasts have _ _, _, that allow researchers to study new genes
extrachromosomal element plasmids
80
Arabidopsis thaliana, a model flowering plant aka
wild mustard weed or mouse ear cress
81
A. thaliana is used to
model stress and disease responses of crop plants
82
most crops have complex genomes (polyploidy) and are therefore hard to study. A thaliana
has a small genome, 220 Mb (diploid) with 29,000 genes
83
why is A. thaliana a good plant to study
flexible size, ease of growth, quick generation turnaround time (8-10 weeks from seed to adult) and one plant can produce thousand of offspring
84
Drosophilia melanogaster aka
fruit fly
85
life span fruit fly
2 weeks
86
fruit fly genome size
200 Mb, 15,000 genes, many found in humans
87
Caenorhabditis elegans aka
small roundworm
88
roundworm genome size
130 Mb, 21,000 genes
89
roundworm info
simple multicellular organism, 959 somatic cells, includes more than 300 neurons, and 81 muscle cells. Easy to grow and manipulate. Feed on bacteria that can be used to introduce genetic alterations in the worms, Transparent and can be studied in real time using fluorescent techniques. Have many physiological characteristics similar to higher animals. Undergo programmed cell death, and the genes involved are similar to humans. Often used to study development, aging, and cellular differentiation.
90
more roundworm info
adults in 3 days, life span 3 weeks. Mutants can live 10x longer than wild, 300 progeny each time
91
Danio rerio aka
zebrafish
92
zebrafish genome size
1700 Mb, with 26,000 genes. About 70% of human genes that code for proteins have orthologs in zebrafish
93
zebrafish info
easy to maintain and breed, about 200 eggs each time, embryonic development outside of the mother. Embryo develops in 24 hours, Embryos transparent, easy to study mutations. Commonly used to create diseases models and drug screening in biotech.
94
Mus Musculus aka
mouse
95
mouse genome
2800 Mb of DNA on 20 different chromosomes
96
mouse info
less than 1% of genes have no human counterpart, easy to manipulate genetically, and animals with one or more genes inactivated (knockout mice) are fairly easy to create. important for pre clinical drug screening studies
97
transgenic animal definition (for mice in this case)
in addition to genetic deletion, extra genes can be inserted and expressed
98
animal cell culture in vitro
in plastic dishes, using culture media containing fetal bovine serum, salts, and nutrients. Adherent cells stick to and divide on the plastic dishes (sometimes pre coated with extracellular matrix proteins), whereas suspension cells grow and divide in liquid culture. Primary cells from the original tissue survive only for a short period of time, Immortalized cell lines have indefinite doubling potential. Cell culture can be used to do genetic studies. Different genes can be expressed in cultured cells and their effect on cellular physiology can be determined. Gene deletions or mutations can be examined also. These have been used for the production
99
``` Model table: Homosapiens (human) Mus musculus (mouse) Escherichia Coli (bacterium) Genome size and protein coding gene # ```
Human-3200x10^6, 19K Mouse-2800x10^6, 22K Bacterium-2.4x10^6, 4300

Cell Bio 2019 (8 decks)

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