exam 1a Flashcards
(24 cards)
central dogma
flow of genetic information from DNA (transcription) to RNA (translation)
election microscope resolution
0.2 nm
light microscope resolution
200 nm
prokaryotes do/not have a nucleus
do not, and are very diverse
aerobic , anaerobic
need o2, killed by O2
photosynthesis produces
organic molecules from CO2
E.coli size
2.5 micrometers
E. coli structure
outer membrane, cell wall, inner membrane
2 domains of prokaryotes
bacteria and archaea
eukaryotic cells include
plant, animal, fungi
Saccharomyces cerevisae is
a single celled organism and can divide through budding
mitochondria
harness energy from oxidation of food molecules to produce ATP- powers cells activities
chloroplasts
carry out photosynthesis to manufacture energy rich sugar molecules, release O2 as a byproduct
ER
where most cell membrane components, as well as materials destined for export are made. Enlarged in cells specialized for the secretion of proteins
Golgi apparatus
modifies and packages molecules made in the ER
lysosome
where intracellular digestion occurs, releasing nutrients from ingested food particles and breaks down unwanted molecules for recycling or excretion
peroxisome
provide a safe environment for reactions where hydrogen peroxide is used to inactivate toxic molecules
mitochondria symbiotic relationship
mitochondria evolved from aerobic bacteria that were engulfed by an archaea-derived, early anaerobic eukaryotic cell and survived inside it, living in symbiosis with their hos
endocytosis
at surface of the cell, portions of the plasma membrane tuck inward and pinch off to form vesicles that carry material captured from the external medium into the cell
exocytosis
vesicles from inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the external membrane
3 types of filaments in cytosol and function
actin- muscle contractions, microtubules, pull duplicated chromosomes in opposite directions and distribute them equally ro the 2 daughter cells, filaments, strengthens the cell
human, E.coli, and Mus musculus genome size and number of protein coding genes
human 3200x10^6, 19,000
E.coli 4.6x10^6, 4,300
Mus musculus 2800x10^6. 22,000
E.Coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have what in common
both have plasmids
Different model systems of biology and what they are used for
E.Coli- model bacterium, workhorse for protein/ enzyme and biofuels production and biotech apps such as bioremediation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae- model eukaryote, have extrachromosomal element, study genes. Arabidopsis thaliana- a model flowering plant, model stress and disease responses of crop plants
