9. The Cranium Flashcards by Orla Borla

Function of skull

Provides support and protection for brain and spinal cord

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What does it mean to say the skull is isotropic?

When a force is applied to the cranium, it radiates around the structure rather than focusing on one point

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Layers of bones in skull and their composition

Inner table - compact bone
Diploe - similar to cancellous bone
Outer table - compact bone

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What are wormian bones?

Extra irregular bones that occur within a suture in the cranium

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What do extocranial and endocranial mean?

Extocranial - external skull

Endocranial - inner surface of skull

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Cranial bones

Frontal
Parietal (2)
Occipital
Temporal (2)
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

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Facial bones

Maxillae (2)
Palatines (2)
Nasals (2)
Lacrimals (2)
Zygomatics (2)
Vomer
Inferior nasal conchae
Mandible

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Ear ossicles

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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Types of adult teeth

8 incisors
4 canines
8 premolars
12 molars

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Where is the metopic suture?

Between frontal bones
Usually completely disappears
Retained metopic suture = non metric trait

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Lambda

Meeting point of sagittal and lambdoid sutures

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Bregma

Meeting point of coronal and sagittal sutures

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Pterion

The region where frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid bones join together

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Anterior cranial fossa

Consists of frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones

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Middle cranial fossa

Consists of sphenoid and temporal bones

Contains pituitary and 4 foramen

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Posterior cranial fossa

Consists of occipital and temporal bones

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Articulations of frontal bone

Parietal
Zygomatic
Lacrimal
Nasal
Maxillae
Sphenoid
Ethmoid

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Frontal bosses

Primary ossification centres

More prominent in females

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Glabella

Brow ridge

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Supraorbital margin

Superior half of orbital rim

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Supraorbital formen/notch

Small groove at the superior/medial margin of orbit

Supraorbital nerve passes through

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Frontal crest

Anchors falx cerebri

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Falx cerebri

Large cresecent shaped fold of dura mater

Descends vertically in fissure between cerebral hemispheres of brain

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Sagital sulcus

Groove left by sagital venous drainage structure in frontal bone

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Arachnoid granulations

Projections from the arachnoid which create small holes in the inner surface of frontal bone

Articulations of parietal bone

``` Other parietal Sphenoid Occipital Temporal Frontal ```

Sagittal sinus

Runs alongside endocranial sagittal suture

Where are arachnoid granulations in the parietal bone?

Near the sagittal suture

Parietal striae

Distinct thin furrows along the squamosal border

Meningeal grooves

Created by meninges In the parietal bone Begin at front of bone and branch backwards getting thinner

How do you side the parietal bone?

90 degree angle at bregma | Middle meningeal vessel anteriorly is close to coronal suture

Articulations of temporal bone

``` Parietal Sphenoid Occipital Zygomatic Mandible ```

Petrous/mastoid portion of temporal bone

Houses internal auditory meatus

What does the internal auditory meatus allow?

The passage of CNVII and CNVIII

What does the mastoid process have?

Mastoid foramina | Mastoid notch

What passes through the mastoid foramina?

Occipital veins and arteries

What muscle attaches to the mastoid notch?

Digastric

What attaches to the supramastoid/supramental crests?

Posterior temporalis muscle

What is the glenoid fossa?

Found anterior to the external auditory meatus | Involved in temporomandibular joint

Styloid process of the temporal bone

Attachment site for muscles and ligaments including stylohyoid Has styloid foramen

What passes through the styloid foramen?

CNVII | Stylomastoid artery

What passes through the jugular foramen/fossa? What two bones is the jugular foramen between?

CNIX CNX CNXI Temporal and occipital

Articulations of occipital bone?

Parietals Temporals Sphenoid

Par lateralis of the occipital

Unfused lateral parts of occipital bone in young children | Forms occipital condyles that articulate with C1

Basilar process of the occipital

Undergoes synchondrosis to form a joint with sphenoid

What passes through the foramen magnum?

Spinal chord

What attaches to the superior nuchal line of the occipital?

Trapezius

What attaches to the middle nuchal line of the occipital?

Semispinalis capitis

What attaches to the inferior nuchal line of the occipital?

Rectus capitis posterior

Cruciform eminence

Cross shaped ridges that split the occipital bone into 4 sections Found endocranially Composed of four fossae

What does the superior fossae of the cruciform eminence house?

Cerebrum

What is the transverse sulcus of the occipital?

Groove for the transverse sinus which is continued from the parietal

Jugular notch of the occipital

Forms posterior border of jugular foramen | anterior portion formed by petrous portion of temporal bone

What passes through the hypoglossal canal?

CNXII

Articulations of sphenoid bone

``` Frontal Parietal Ethmoid Zygomatics Temporals Occipital Palatine Vomer ```

Greater wing of sphenoid

Articulates with frontal, parietal and temporal bones

Lesser wing of sphenoid

Sits internally

Medial and lateral ptyregoid plates of sphenoid

Sit inferio-posteriorly in the ptyregoid fossa Open posteriorly Articulate with palatine and maxilla

Function of ptyregoid muscles

Opening and closing of mouth

Where does the pituitary gland sit?

Sella turcica

Clinoid fossa of the sphenoid

Surrounds sella turcica on four corners | Sometimes forms a foramen

What passes through superior orbital fissure?

CNIII CNIV CNVI

Where is the superior orbital fissure?

Inferior to the lesser wing | Posterior surface of the orbit

What passes through the foramen spinosum?

Middle meningeal artery

What passes through the foramen rotundum?

CNV2

What passes through foramen ovale

CNV3

What passes through formen lacerum?

Carotid artery

Articulations of zygomatic bone

Frontal Temporal Maxilla Sphenoid

What passes through the zygomaticotermporal foramen?

CNVII

Articulations of maxilla

``` Zygomatic Nasal Frontal Lacrimal Palatine Sphenoid Ethmoid ```

What is the frontal process of the maxilla part of?

Nasal aperture

What is in the alveolar process of the maxilla?

Tooth sockets

What does the palatine process form?

Anterior 2/3rds of palate and nasal cavity

What does the anterior nasal spine form?

Most inferior and anterior part of nasal aperture

What is the canine eminence formed by?

Large single root of the canine

What passes through the incisive foramen?

Blood vessels which supply the palate

What passes through the infraorbital foramen?

Infraorbital artery | Infraorbital vein

What separates the maxilla and the palatine bones?

Transverse palatine suture

What passes through the greater and lesser palatine foramen?

Arteries and nerves

What do the nasal bones articulate with?

Frontal | Maxilla

Articulations of the lacrimal bones?

Maxilla Ethmoid Frontal (contribute to orbit)

What is inferior to the lacrimal bones?

Tear duct

How many bones does the ethmoid articulate with?

``` 13: 2 x nasal 2 x maxillae 2 x lacrimal 2 x palatine 2 x inferior conchae frontal vomer sphenoid ```

What is large surface area of ethmoid used for?

Smell

What is in the cribiform plate?

Olfactory foramina

What passes through the olfactory foramina?

CNI

What does the inferior nasal conchae articulate with?

Ethmoid Maxilla Lacrimal Palatine

Location of vomer?

Deep in nasal aperture

Function of vomer?

Covered in sensitive tissue that aids smell

Articulations of vomer?

Ethmoid Sphenoid Maxilla Palatine

Where are the ear ossicles found?

Middle ear

Function of ear ossicles?

Conduct sound to middle ear

Articulations of mandible

Temporal | Indirectly - hyoid

What attaches to the coronoid process of the mandible?

Temporalis

What attaches to the gonial angle of the mandible?

Masseter | usually has a bump = gonial flaring

What attaches to the mental spines of the mandible?

Genioglossus

What passes through the mylohyoid groove of the mandible?

Mylohyoid vessels | CNV

What is the mylohyoid line of the mandible?

Continuation of mylohyoid groove | Attachement site of mylohyoid

Where and what are the sublingual and submandibular fossae?

Above (sublingual) and below (submandibular) mylohyoid line | Space for the salivary glands

What exits the mental foramen of the mandible?

CNV3

9. The Cranium Flashcards

(100 cards)