PL - Organic functional groups

Question 1

What are functional groups?

Answer 1

The parts of a molecule that determine how the molecule reacts.

Question 2

What is the prefix/suffix used for carboxylic acids (including dicarboxylic acids)?

Answer 2

carboxy- / -oic acid

dicarboxy- / -dioic acid

Question 3

What is the prefix/suffix used for acid anhydrides?

Answer 3

-oic anhydride

Question 4

What is the prefix/suffix used for esters?

Answer 4

-oate

Question 5

What is the prefix/suffix used for acyl chlorides?

Answer 5

-oyl chloride

Question 6

What is the prefix/suffix used for amides?

Answer 6

-amide

Question 7

What is the prefix/suffix used for aldehydes?

Answer 7

-al

Question 8

What is the prefix/suffix used for ketones?

Answer 8

-one

Question 9

What is the prefix/suffix used for alcohols including diols?

Answer 9

• ol / hydroxy-

- diol / dihydroxy-

Question 10

What is the prefix/suffix used for phenols?

Answer 10

-phenol

Question 11

What is the prefix/suffix used for primary amines including diamines?

Answer 11

• amine / amino-

- diamine / diamino-

Question 12

What is the prefix/suffix used for alkenes?

Answer 12

-ene

Question 13

What is the prefix/suffix used for arenes?

Answer 13

-benzene / phenyl-

Question 14

What is the prefix/suffix used for alkanes?

Answer 14

-ane

Question 15

What is the prefix/suffix used for ethers?

Answer 15

alkoxy-

Question 16

What is the prefix/suffix used for haloalkanes?

Answer 16

fluoro- / chloro- / bromo- / iodo-

Question 17

What group do aldehydes and ketones contain?

Answer 17

A carbonyl group.

Question 18

What are aldehydes and ketones?

Answer 18

Carbonyl compounds.

Question 19

What is a carbonyl compound?

Answer 19

Anything that contains a carbonyl functional group.

Question 20

What is a carbonyl functional group?

Answer 20

C=O

Question 21

Where do aldehydes have their carbonyl group?

Answer 21

At the end of the carbon chain.

Question 22

Where do ketones have their carbonyl group?

Answer 22

In the middle of the carbon chain.

Question 23

What do ketone names often have?

Answer 23

A number to show which carbon the carbonyl group is on.

Question 24

When drawing carbon chains, what does R represent?

Answer 24

A carbon chain of any length - it just shows that there is a carbon chain there.

Question 25

What do phenols have?

Answer 25

Benzene rings with -OH groups attached.

Question 26

What is the formula of phenol itself?

Answer 26

C6H5OH

Question 27

How do you name phenol compounds?

Answer 27

You first have to number the phenol ring by starting from the carbon with the -OH group, and then continue counting round the way that gives the smallest numbers for the functional groups. Then name the compound, listing all the functional groups in alphabetical order, ending with the suffix -phenol.

Question 28

What do you put before the prefix if there’s more than one of the same functional group?

Answer 28

di-, tri- etc.

Question 29

What do diols contain?

Answer 29

Two -OH groups.

Question 30

How are diols named?

Answer 30

By giving the stem of the carbon chain, followed by the numbers of the carbon atoms that the -OH groups are on, and then -diol.

Question 31

What is important to remember when naming diols that is different from when naming alcohols?

Answer 31

You keep the ‘e’ on the end of the alkane stem, as in ‘ethane-1,1-diol’.

For alcohols, you take the ‘e’ off, as in ‘ethanol’.

Question 32

What do acid anhydrides contain?

Answer 32

A -COOCO- group.

Question 33

How do you name acid anhydrides?

Answer 33

By listing the R groups in alphabetical order, each with the suffix -oic. Then you write anhydride at the end.

If the R groups are the same, then you only have to write the name of the R group once.

Question 34

How do you name acid anhydrides if the R groups are the same?

Answer 34

Then you only have to write the name of the R group once when listing the R groups in alphabetical order.