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Pathology ICSM > Histopathology 5 - Gynaecological pathology > Flashcards

Histopathology 5 - Gynaecological pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is salpingitis?

A

Infection of fallopian tubes

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2
Q

What are the possible complications of untreated salpingitis?

A

Adhesions
Abscesses
Peritonitis
Ectopic pregnancy

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3
Q

What are the high risk forms of HPV for cervical cancer?

A

16 and 18

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4
Q

Recall the stages of progression from normal cervical cells to cervical carcinoma

A 
Normal
T positive HPV (abnormal cells) 
CIN 1 (lower 1/3 of cells neoplastic)
CIN 2 (2/3 of cells neoplastic) 
CIN 3 (full thickness neoplastic) 
Carcinoma
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5
Q

What do CIN and CGIN stand for, and what is the main difference between them?

A

CIN = cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
CGIN = cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia
CIN progresses to squamous cell carcinoma
CGIN progresses to adenocarcinoma

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6
Q

How does HPV lead to neoplatic transformation of cervical cells?

A

E6 and E7 viral proteins deactivate p53 and Retinoblastoma (tumour suppressor genes)

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7
Q

What age range is invited to cervical screening?

A

25-64

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8
Q

Which HPV strains are included in the quadrivalent vaccine?

A

6,11,16,18

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9
Q

What is leiomyoma of the uterus?

A

Smooth muscle cell tumour of the uterus

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10
Q

What is a fibroid?

A

Leiomyoma

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11
Q

How are fibroids classified?

A

As either intramural, submucosal or subserosal

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12
Q

What is the biggest risk factor for endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Persistent oestrogen

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13
Q

What is the difference between type 1 and 2 endometrial carcinomas?

A

Type 1: adenocarcinomas

Type 2: Serous/ clear cell carcinoma

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14
Q

What is the relative prevelance of type 1 vs type 2 endometrial carcinoma?

A

Type 1 = 80-85%

Type 2 = 10-15%

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15
Q

Recall the genetic associations of serous and clear cell endometrial carcinomas

A

Serous: p53 mutation

Clear cell: PTEN mutation

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16
Q

Which type of endometrial carcinoma is high grade and which is low grade?

A

Type 1 = low grade

Type 2 = high grade

17
Q

Which type of endometrial carcinoma is most likely to arise in atrophic endometrium?

A

Type 2

18
Q

Recall the FIGO stages of endometrial cancer

A

Stage 1: Confined to uterus
Stage 2: Spread to cervix
Stage 3: Spread to adnexa, vagina, local lymph nodes (pelvic/ para-aortic)
Stage 4: Distant metastases

19
Q

Recall the different types of gestational trophoblastic disease

A

Partial/ complete mole
Invasive mole
Choriocarcinoma

20
Q

How does gestational trophoblastic disease usually present?

A

As spontaneous abortion

21
Q

What is the cause of gestational trophoblastic disease?

A

Fertilisation of one egg by 2 sperm

22
Q

Describe the prognosis of choriocarcinoma

A

Very aggressive but also very responsive to treatment

23
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside of the uterus - bleeding of ectopic material is painful

24
Q

What is adenomyosis?

A

Ectopic endometrial tissue within the myometrium

25
Q

What is the main symptom of adenomyosis?

A

Dysmennorhoea

26
Q

What type of tumour are 95% of ovarian neoplasms?

A

Epithelial tumours

27
Q

Describe the 2 different types of ovarian carcinoma

A 
Type 1 (low grade, has precursors) 
Type 2 (high grade, associated with p53 mutations)
28
Q

What type of epithelium are most ovarian carcinomas derived from?

A

Serous

29
Q

Which types of ovarian carcinoma are associated with endometriosis?

A

Endometrioid and clear cell carcinoma

30
Q

Recall the 4 types of sex cord stromal tumours, and the malignant potential of each

A

Fibromas (from fibroblasts) = benign
Granulosa cell tumours = variable behaviour
Thecoma (thecal cells) = benign
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours = variable behaviour

31
Q

In what age group of women are germ cell tumours seen?

A

<20s

32
Q

Recall the different types of germ cell tumour in women

A

Undifferentiated germ cells: dysgermioma
Tumour of extra-embryonic tissue: endodermal sinus tumour
Trophoblast tumour: choriocarcinoma
Cancer of embryonic tissue: teratoma

33
Q

Recall 2 types of cancer that commonly metastasise to the ovary

A

Krokenburg tumours

Colon cancer

Pathology ICSM (85 decks)

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