Chapter 7 - Jacey

Question 1

even the simplest movement requires your brain to:

Answer 1

do lots of things

Question 2

true or false? neuroscientists know there are little areas of the brain that are involved in movement.

Answer 2

FALSE, MANY AREAS ARE INVOLVED IN MVT.

Question 3

what is at the lowest extreme of the motor hierarchy?

Answer 3

motor neurons in the spinal chord.

Question 4

the _______ _______ of the axons of each motor neuron form specialized neuromuscular junctions.

Answer 4

terminal branches

Question 5

Each _____ _____ in a motor neuron causes the release of neurotransmitter from nerve endings and generates a corresponding action potential in the muscle fibres.

Answer 5

action potential

Question 6

what causes Ca2+ ions to be released from intracellular stores inside each muscle fibre?

Answer 6

the release of neurotransmitters

Question 7

what triggers muscle fibre contraction?

Answer 7

Ca2+ ions being released.

Question 8

true or false? the spinal cord plays an important part in muscle control thru several reflex pathways.

Answer 8

true

Question 9

name a withdrawal reflex:

Answer 9

knee-jerk

Question 10

the knee-jerk is an example of a _____ ______

Answer 10

stretch reflex

Question 11

motor neurons are the _____ ______ ______ to the muscles that move your bones.

Answer 11

final common path

Question 12

what is the the top of the hierarchy for mvt?

Answer 12

the motor cortex

Question 13

where is the motor cortex situated?

Answer 13

cerebral cortex

Question 14

name the parts of the brain that control movement:

Answer 14

cerebellum, basal ganglia, motor cortex, premotor cortex, parietal cortex.

Question 15

The motor cortex is a thin strip of tissue across the surface of the brain, directly in front of the ____________ cortex

Answer 15

somatosensory cortex

Question 16

when is a population code used?

Answer 16

when actions are specified by the firing of an ensemble of neurons

Question 17

Just in front of the motor cortex lies the important ___-_____ _____ that are involved in planning actions

Answer 17

pre-motor areas

Question 18

where is the parietal cortex located?

Answer 18

behind the motor cortex

Question 19

Mirror neurons are likely to be _____ in imitating and understanding actions.

Answer 19

important

Question 20

parietal neglect fails to…

Answer 20

notice objects (often on left side)

Question 21

what is the basal ganglia?

Answer 21

cluster of interconnected areas located beneath the cortex in the depths of the cerebral hemispheres.

Question 22

name a common motor disorder:

Answer 22

Parkinson’s disease

Question 23

name two characteristics of Parkinson’s disease:

Answer 23

tremor and movement initiation difficulty

Question 24

the degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra whose long axons release the neurotransmitter dopamine into the _____ _______

Answer 24

basal ganglia

Question 25

the basal ganglia is thought to be important in ________

Answer 25

learning

Question 26

the cerebellum is crucial for:

Answer 26

smooth skillful movements, motor learning and adaptation

Question 27

what happens when the cerebellum is damaged?

Answer 27

slurred speech, poorly coordinated movement, loss of balance.