Chapter 2 Basic concepts

Question 1

______ is the activity of living organisms.

_______ can be accomplished only by living organisms.

A useful way to tell whether the movement is behavior is to apply the dead man test: “If a dead man can do it, it ain’t behavior. And if a dead man can’t do, then it is behavior”

Answer 1

Behavior

Question 2

A specific instance of behavior.

A good technical definition of ______ is An action of an organism’s effector

Answer 2

Response

Question 3

A group of responses with the same function (that is, each response in the group produces the same effect on the environment) is called a ___________.

Answer 3

Response class

Question 4

__________ is sometimes used to refer to all of the behaviors that a person can do.

Answer 4

Repertoire

Question 5

The conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism or referenced part of the organism exists; behavior cannot occur in the absence of the ______________.

Answer 5

Environment

Question 6

An energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells.

Answer 6

stimulus

Question 7

Humans have receptor systems that detect “stimulus changes” occurring outside and inside the body.

Answer 7

Exteroceptors
Interoceptors,
Proprioceptors,

Question 8

Any group of stimuli sharing a predetermined set of common elements in one or more of these dimensions.

Answer 8

Stimulus class

Question 9

Stimulus events can be described

1. _________
2. __________
3. __________

Answer 9

1. formally
2. Temporally
3. functionally

Question 10

often describe the measure, and manipulate stimuli according to their formal dimensions, such as size, color, intensity, weight, and spatial position relative to other objects. Stimuli can be nonsocial (e.g., a red light, a high-pitched sound) or social (e.g., a friend asking, “Want some more peanuts?”).

Physical features of stimuli (i.e. topography)
Ex: size, color, intensity, weight, and spatial conditions relative to other objects (i.e. prepositions, such as, “on top of the tv” or “to the left of the tv”

Answer 10

Formal Dimensions of Stimuli

Question 11

Behavior and the environmental conditions that influence it occur within and across time, the temporal location of stimulus changes is important. In particular, the behavior is affected by stimulus changes that occur prior to and immediately after the behavior.

• Refers to time
• Stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to (i.e. antecedents) the behavior of interest and stimulus changes that follow a behavior of interest (i.e consequence)

Answer 11

Temporal Loci of Stimuli

Question 12

-Stimulus changes are understood best through a functional analysis of their effects on behavior
-The effect of the stimulus on the behavior
-There can be multiple functions of a single stimulus
Ex: Hearing a buzz may mean you have a text message on your phone or your laptop battery is running low

Answer 12

Functionally (Behavioral Functions of Stimulus Changes)

Question 13

A stimulus-response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits (e.g., bright light–pupil contraction).

Is part of the organism’s genetic endowment, a product of natural evolution because of its survival value to the species.

Answer 13

Reflex

Question 14

Behavior that is elicited by antecedent stimuli.

__________ _________ is induced, or brought out, by a stimulus that precedes the behavior; nothing else is required for the response to occur.

Answer 14

Respondent behavior

Question 15

If the eliciting stimulus is presented repeatedly over a short span of time, the strength or magnitude of the response will diminish, and in some cases, the response may not occur at all. This process of gradually diminishing response strength is known as ___________.

Answer 15

Habituation

Question 16

_________ _________ takes place when an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response is repeatedly paired with a neutral stimulus. As a result of conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that reliably elicits a conditioned response.

Answer 16

Respondent conditioning

Question 17

The procedure of repeatedly presenting a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus until the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response is called _______ ________.

Answer 17

Respondent extinction.

Question 18

Conditioned reflexes can also be established by stimulus–stimulus pairing of an NS with a CS. This form of respondent conditioning is called ________ ________ ____________

Answer 18

Higher-order (or secondary) conditioning.

Question 19

_________ _________ is any behavior whose future frequency is determined primarily by its history of consequences.

_______ ______ is selected, shaped, and maintained by the consequences that have
followed it in the past.

Answer 19

Operant behavior

Question 20

Refers to the fact that behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person’s awareness; a person does not have to recognize or verbalize the relation between her behavior and a reinforcing consequence, or even know that a consequence has occurred, for reinforcement to “work.”

Behavior is modified by its consequences regardless of whether the individual is aware that she is being reinforced.

Answer 20

Automaticity of reinforcement

Question 21

_____________ is the most important principle of behavior and a key element of most behavior change programs designed by a behavior analyst.

Answer 21

Reinforcement

Question 22

_________ occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus and, as a result, occurs more often in the future.

Answer 22

Positive reinforcement

Question 23

A stimulus whose termination (or reduction in intensity) functions as reinforcement.

Answer 23

Negative reinforcement

Question 24

When a behavior is followed by a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions.

Answer 24

Punishment

Question 25

If reinforcement is withheld for all members of a previously reinforced response class, a procedure based on the principle of ____________.

Answer 25

Extinction

Question 26

Type I and Type II punishment is also known as

Answer 26

Positive Punishment

Negative Punishment

Question 27

A stimulus change that can increase the future frequency of behavior without prior pairing with any other form of reinforcement.

Answer 27

Unconditioned Reinforcer

Question 28

• Behavior that is inherited genetically

- Respondent behavior is due to this history

Answer 28

Phylogenic

Question 29

• Learning that results from an organism’s interaction with his/her environment
• Operant behavior is due to this history

Answer 29

Ontogenic

Question 30

1. Punishment
2. Extinction
3. Reinforcement

Answer 30

3 Principles of ABA

Question 31

1. Proprioceptive
2. Interoceptive
3. Exteroceptive

Answer 31

3 Types of Nervous Systems (that are affected by stimuli)

Question 32

Stimulation from joints, tendons, muscles, etc., necessary for posture, BALANCE, and MOVEMENT (related to internal events)
Ex: After you get off a rollercoaster, you feel dizzy.

Answer 32

Proprioceptive

Question 33

Stimulation from ORGANS; related to INTERNAL EVENTS

Ex: Headache; hunger pains

Answer 33

Interoceptive

Question 34

THINK 5 SENSES: Hearing, seeing, touching, smelling, and tasting
Ex: Smelling smoke

Answer 34

Exteroceptive

Question 35

A research-based, technologically consistent method for changing behavior that has been derived from one or more basic principles of behavior and that possesses sufficient generality across subjects, settings, and/or behaviors to warrant its codification and dissemination.

Answer 35

Behavior change tactics

Question 36

An __________ ________ is a stimulus change that can decrease the future frequency of any behavior that precedes it without prior pairing with any other form of punishment.

Answer 36

Unconditioned punisher

Question 37

A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers; sometimes called a secondary or learned reinforcer.

Answer 37

Conditioned reinforcer

Question 38

A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers; sometimes called secondary or learned punisher.

Answer 38

Conditioned punisher

Question 39

_________ _______ conditions whose termination functioned as reinforcement.

Answer 39

Aversive stimulus

Question 40

Behavior that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than it does in others.

Answer 40

discriminated operant

Question 41

A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus.

A discriminated operant occurs at a higher frequency in the presence of a given stimulus than it does in the absence of that stimulus, it is said to be under _____ ________.

Answer 41

Stimulus control

Question 42

A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced; this history of differential reinforcement is the reason an “SD” increases the momentary frequency of the behavior.

Answer 42

discriminative stimulus (SD)

Question 43

Antecedent, Behavior, and consequence

Answer 43

Three-term contingency

Question 44

Refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables.

Answer 44

Contingency

Question 45

Describes reinforcement (or punishment) that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred.

Answer 45

Contingent