Chapter 11 Positive Reinforcement

Question 1

when a response is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus.

Answer 1

Positive Reinforcement

Question 2

The _________ of reinforcement is essential.

Answer 2

Immediacy

Question 3

Reinforcement can also strengthen the 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_of behavior.

Answer 3

Duration,
Latency,
Magnitude, and/or
Topography

Question 4

A _____ is a verbal description of a behavioral contingency

Answer 4

rule

Question 5

Behavior controlled by a rule (i.e., a verbal statement of an antecedent-behavior-consequence contingency); enables human behavior (e.g., fastening a seatbelt) to come under the indirect control of temporally remote or improbable but potentially significant consequences (e.g., avoiding injury in an auto accident). Often used in contrast to contingency-shaped behavior, a term used to indicate behavior selected and maintained by controlled, temporally close consequences.

Answer 5

Rule-governed behavior

Question 6

A Reinforcer is a __________.

Answer 6

stimulus

Question 7

Reinforcing is property of a _________.

Answer 7

stimulus

Question 8

Reinforcement is the presentation, of stimulus as a _____________.

Answer 8

consequences.

Question 9

_________ are reinforced, not people.

Answer 9

Behaviors

Question 10

The fact that a person does not have to understand or verbalize the relation between his actions and a reinforcing consequence, or for that matter even be aware that a consequence has occurred, for reinforcement to occur is known as

Answer 10

The automaticity of reinforcement.

Question 11

A behavior– reinforcement relation that occurs without the presentation of consequences by other people

Answer 11

Automatic Reinforcement

Question 12

A stimulus change that functions as reinforcement even though the learner has had no particular learning history

Answer 12

Unconditioned Reinforcers

Question 13

A secondary reinforcer or learned reinforcer;
A previously neutral stimulus change that has acquired the capability to function as a reinforcer through stimulus–stimulus pairing with one or more unconditioned reinforcers or conditioned reinforcers.

Answer 13

Conditioned Reinforcers

Question 14

Neutral stimuli can also become conditioned reinforcers for humans without direct physical pairing with another reinforcer through a pairing process called ______ _______ _________.

Answer 14

Verbal analog conditioning.

Question 15

A conditioned reinforcer that as a result of having been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers does not depend on a current EO for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness.

Answer 15

Generalized conditioned reinforcer

Question 16

Reinforcers are typically classified as:

Answer 16

Edible, 
Sensory, 
Tangible, 
Activity, or 
Social.

Question 17

The opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior (Watch TV) contingent on the occurrence of low-frequency (Finishing Homework) behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior.
e.g: When you have finished your homework, you can watch TV.

Answer 17

Premack principle

Question 18

Premack principle AKA

Answer 18

Grandma’s Law

Question 19

A model for predicting whether contingent access to one behavior will function as reinforcement for engaging in another behavior based on whether access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction of the activity compared to the baseline level of engagement

Answer 19

Response-deprivation hypothesis

Question 20

A variety of direct, data-based methods used to present one or more stimuli contingent on a target response and then measuring the future effects on the rate of responding.

Answer 20

Reinforcer assessment

Question 21

When two or more contingencies of reinforcement operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors

Answer 21

Concurrent Schedule Reinforcer Assessment

Question 22

Two or more component schedules of reinforcement for a single response with only one component schedule in effect at any given time.

Answer 22

Multiple Schedule Reinforcer Assessment

Question 23

The response requirements for reinforcement are increased systematically over time independent of the participant’s behavior.

Answer 23

Progressive-Ratio Schedule Reinforcer Assessment