Chapter 12 Negative reinforcement

Question 1

An ________ ___________ contingency is one in which the occurrence of a response produces the removal, termination, reduction, or postponement of a stimulus, which leads to an increase in the future occurrence of that response.

Answer 1

Negative reinforcement

Question 2

Behavior maintained by _________ ___________ produces a stimulus that was absent prior to responding,

Answer 2

Positive reinforcement

Question 3

Behavior maintained by _________ ________ terminates a stimulus that was present prior to responding

Answer 3

Negative reinforcement

Question 4

Negative reinforcement involves an _______ ___________, in which a response terminates (produces escape from) an ongoing stimulus.

Answer 4

Escape contingency

Question 5

Behavior maintained by negative reinforcement is characterized by an __________ ___________, in which a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus.

Answer 5

Avoidance contingency

Question 6

Responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer.

Answer 6

Discriminated avoidance,

Question 7

A contingency in which responses at any time during an interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus delays the presentation of the aversive stimulus

Answer 7

Free- operant avoidance

Question 8

Stimuli whose removal strengthens behavior in the absence of prior learning

Answer 8

Unconditioned negative reinforcers.

Question 9

A previously neutral events that acquire their effects through pairing with an existing (unconditioned or conditioned) negative reinforcer.

Answer 9

Conditioned negative reinforcers

Question 10

The factors that determine whether a negative reinforcement contingency will be effective in changing behavior

Answer 10

(a) the strength of the contingency and

(b) the presence of competing contingencies.