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Biology > Eukaryotic Cell > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cell Flashcards

1
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

involved in synthesis of proteins

only involves L-isomers

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2
Q

What are signaling sequences?

A

proteins in the RER have short signaling sequences located at the terminal end of the amino acid sequence to guide them to the next location

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3
Q

golgi apparatus

A

transports, modifies, and packages proteins for delivery to targeted destinations

place where post translational modifications occur

proteins are sent here after translated in the rough ER

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4
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

lack ribosomes

involved in synthesis and storage of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, and drug detoxification

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5
Q

eukaryotic cells overview

A

animals, plants, fungi

10-100 micromoles
double stranded
multiple linear chromosomes
multiple origins of replication
diploid or greater
telomeres
DNA located in nucleus

membrane bound organelles
cellular respiration in cytoplasm and mitochondria
cell walls

80s ribosomes (composed of 60s and 40s subunits)

divides with mitosis and meiosis

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6
Q

prokaryotic cells overview

A

bacteria, archaea

1-5 micromoles

double stranded DNA
single circular chromosomes
single origin of replication
haploid
no telomeres
DNA located in cytoplasm

no membrane bound organelles
cellular respiration in cytoplasm
cell wall with peptidoglycan in bacteria

70s ribosomes (50s and 30s subunits)

divides through binary fission

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7
Q

peroxisomes

A

small organelles that maintain the oxidation state of the cell by facilitating REDOX reactions to remove peroxides (chemicals harmful to cell)

breakdown fatty acids through beta oxidation

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8
Q

cytoskeleton

A

composed of actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

support the shape and internal structure of the cell
provide tracts for the transport of cellular cargo by motor proteins

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9
Q

nucleus

A

storage site for DNA

where replication and transcription occur

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10
Q

nuclear pores

A

regulate what comes in and out of the nucleus

allows mRNA to exit nucleus to cytoplasm to become translated

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11
Q

euchromatin

A

open for gene expression
activated by acetylation
low DNA methylation

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12
Q

heterochromatin

A

inactive form
closely packed
high DNA methylation

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13
Q

centrioles

A

involved in the development of spindle fibers
located near the nucleus
made of tubulin
when paired in the middle is called a centrosome

organize microtubules

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14
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell
where oxidative phosphorylation and CACoccurs
B-oxidation also takes place here
cristae increase surface area

self-replicating and has its own genes which are passed from the mother and can undergo binary fission

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15
Q

endosomes

A

transport, package, and sort cell material
endocytose materials
membrane bound organelle

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16
Q

lysosome

A

break down substrates
membrane bound organelle that can break down all kinds of biomaterials (proteins, carbs, fats, nucleic acid, and cellular debris)

can maintain their own pH
get materials from autophages

17
Q

peroxisomes

A

break down proteins using ubiquitin
can enter nucleus
exists in extracellular space

lipid breakdown via beta-oxidation
detoxification of drugs and chemicals
breakdown hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

18
Q

microfilaments

A

composed of actin
interact with myosin during muscle contraction
help with the pinching during cytokinesis

19
Q

microtubules

A

made of tubulin
serves as a track for kinesin and dynein
helical array of alpha and beta tubulin which forms a hollow cylinder
key component of flagella and cilia

20
Q

kinesin

A

moves along microtubules, powered by ATP

carries organelles and vesicles away from the cell

21
Q

dynein

A

moves along microtubules, powered by ATP

carries organelles and vesicles toward the cell

22
Q

flagella

A

made of tubulin

move the cell based on chemical signals

23
Q

cilia

A

made of tubulin

move materials along the surface of the cell

24
Q

intermediate fibers

A

mainly used for structural support of the cell

25
Q

keratin

A

type of intermediate fiber
the more disulfide bonds, the stronger the connection
nail, hair, and skin

26
Q

collagen

A

found in tendons, forms connective ligaments which give the skin extra support

27
Q

elastin

A

type of intermediate filament

makes things stretchy

28
Q

plasma membrane contains

A

phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids, glycoproteins, and other proteins

29
Q

cellulose

A

component of plant cells; not found in animal cells

30
Q

prokaryotes and DNA

A

DNA found in circular chromosomes without introns and without telomeres

31
Q

eukaryotes and DNA

A

eukaryotic cells package histone-wrapped, double stranded DNA into linear chromosomes with ends capped by telomers

32
Q

80s ribosomes

A

made of 60s large subunit and 40s small subunit

eukaryotes

33
Q

70s ribosomes

A

prokaryotes

made of 50s large subunit and 30s small subunit

34
Q

porins

A

beta-barrel proteins found in mitochondria that form water-filled channels allowing ions and metabolites to diffuse in and out

35
Q

nucleolus

A

dense, round body found within the nucleus that contains ribosomal DNA

RNA polymerase I functions in the nucleolus to transcribe the pre-ribosomal RNA into a single template that becomes the mature rRNA

nucleolus is involved in the maturation and assembly of ribosomal subunits

ribosomal proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and transported into the nucleolus where they form the 40s and 60s subunits

36
Q

nucleosome

A

DNA double helix wraps twice around a histone octamer to create a structural subunit known as a nucleosome

they have a net positive charge at pH 7.4 because they are rich in arginine and lysine

Biology (15 decks)

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