Urinary System

Question 1

Renin-Angiotensin System

Answer 1

drop in blood pressure activates release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys

Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I which is converted to angiotensin II through angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
angiotensin II causes release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex as well as constriction of arterioles

Question 2

where is angiotensin released from

Answer 2

adrenal cortex

released by Renin-Angiotenin System, specifically angiotensin II when drop in blood pressure

also released when too much potassium

Question 3

What is function of aldosterone?

Answer 3

aldosterone acts on distal tubules and collecting ducts of nephron to promote reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium

more sodium increases osmolarity which will promote water retention thus increasing blood pressure

Question 4

where is antidiuretic hormone released from?

Answer 4

ADH is released from posterior pituitary

made in the hypothalamus

Question 5

What is the function of ADH

Answer 5

promotes permeability of distal tubule and collecting ducts so more water is reabsorbed
also causes vasoconstriction

want to increase blood pressure

Question 6

pathway of urine

Answer 6

nephron collecting ducts –> rental calyces –> renal prevlis –> ureter (tube that connects kidneys to bladder)

Question 7

bladder

Answer 7

where water is stored until full and then will exit via urethra

Question 8

detrusor muscle

Answer 8

smooth muscle lining bladder
it will become relaxed to allow urine to collect
involuntary control

Question 9

internal urethral sphincter

Answer 9

smooth muscle around urethra

during urination it will become relaxed to allow urine to be released

Question 10

external urethral sphincter

Answer 10

striated muscle downstream of internal urethral sphincter

it is contracted when bladder fills up and is relaxed voluntarily when we want to pee

Question 11

during urination, stretch receptors of bladder lead to

Answer 11

contraction of detrusor muscle and relaxation of internal urethral sphincter

external urethral sphincter is voluntary and can be controlled

Question 12

inability to contract detrusor muscle will impair?

Answer 12

urination

need to be able to contract to expel urine

Question 13

inability to contract urethral sphincters

Answer 13

can’t hold in pee

everything will be released

Question 14

duodenum function

Answer 14

primarily involved in digestion

Question 15

jejunum and ileum function

Answer 15

absorption of nutrients

Question 16

microvilli in intestine

Answer 16

increase the surface area to increase absorption

contain capillary bed for absorption of water-soluble nutrients and lacteal

Question 17

lacteal

Answer 17

lymphatic channel that takes up fats for transport into the lymphatic system

Question 18

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 18

force exerted by liquid onto walls

Question 19

hydrostatic pressure of blood

Answer 19

force exerted by blood onto vessel walls

when the force increases, more fluid is pushes through to the interstitial fluid

Question 20

osmotic pressure

Answer 20

causes solution to take in water by osmosis (water diffuses to areas of higher solute concentration, lower water concentration)

Question 21

what occurs when blood osmolarity is high?

Answer 21

kidneys will increase water reabsorption and decrease solute reabsorption

Question 22

path traveled by urine

Answer 22

afferent arteriole 
glomerulus
bowman's capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
descending loop of henle
ascending loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting ducts

Question 23

proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 23

helps reabsorption of amino acids, vitamins, salts, glucose, and water back into peritubular capillaries.

waste products from peritubular capillaries are pushed into proximal convoluted tubule

Question 24

descending loop of henle

Answer 24

permeable only to water

Question 25

ascending loop of henle

Answer 25

permeable to salts so can reabsorb ions

this prevents dilution; want to keep as much water in body as possible

Question 26

distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts

Answer 26

ADH and aldosterone promote reabsorption of water

Question 27

what products are not filtered in the nephrons?

Answer 27

blood cells and proteins do not enter bowman’s capsule to be excreted