Immune System

Question 1

antibody structure

Answer 1

2 identical heavy polypeptide chains
2 identical light polypeptide chains
variable region that binds antigens
constant region that does not bind antigens, interacts with body cells and proteins to facilitate antigen destruction

Question 2

antigens

Answer 2

foreign substances capable of triggering an adaptive immune response through antibody production

Question 3

antibody

Answer 3

bind and neutralize antigens in blood and lymph, preventing entry into host cells and marking them for destruction
produced by B-cells (adaptive immune system)

Question 4

origination of immune system

Answer 4

hematopoietic stem cells originate in bone marrow and can develop into myeloid progenitor cells or lymphoid progenitor cells

Question 5

myeloid progenitor cells

Answer 5

basophiles, neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, platelets, erythrocytes, and monocytes

Question 6

lymphoid progenitor cells

Answer 6

natural killer cells, B-cells, T-cells

Question 7

lymph nodes

Answer 7

monitor lymph for antigens and activate lymphocytes upon antigen detection

Question 8

spleen

Answer 8

filters blood, stores erythrocytes, and destroys old erythrocytes
place where B-cells mature

Question 9

thymus

Answer 9

where T-cells mature

critical for adaptive immune system

Question 10

lymphocyte maturation

Answer 10

eliminates any cells that recognize self-antigens (MHC) and those that don’t recognize antigens

Question 11

Natural Killer cells

Answer 11

release toxins to destroy tumor cells

detect and control early signs of cancer

Question 12

Helper T-cells

Answer 12

secrete cytokines (signaling molecules) that enhance abilities of other parts of the immune system

help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells.

induces differentiation of B-cells into antibody secreting plasma cells or memory B cells

Question 13

Cytotoxic T-cells

Answer 13

secrete cytotoxins that cause apoptosis of infected cells

Question 14

Regulatory T-cells

Answer 14

inhibit activities of other immune cells to prevent overactive immune responses

Question 15

Memory T-cells

Answer 15

more rapidly recognize and respond to antigens in the future

Question 16

plasma cells

Answer 16

B-cells

secrete antibodies that target antigens for destruction

Question 17

Memory B-cells

Answer 17

more rapidly recognize and respond to antigens in the future

Question 18

Macrophages

Answer 18

engulf cells and destroy them

Question 19

basophils

Answer 19

contain anticoagulant, preventing blood from clotting too quickly
contains vasodilator histamine, that promotes blood flow to tissues
helps in allergic reactions

Question 20

neutrophils

Answer 20

anti-microbial function

release cytokines to amplify inflammatory response

Question 21

eosinophils

Answer 21

movement to inflamed areas, trapping substances, killing cells, anti-parasitic and bactericidal activity, participating in immediate allergic reactions, and modulating inflammatory responses

Question 22

mast cells

Answer 22

first line of defense

contribute to homeostasis

Question 23

how do autoimmune diseases occur?

Answer 23

the body fails to remove T-cells and B-cells that have receptors that can bind to self-antigens
therefore they will attach our own cells and target them for destruction

Question 24

paratope

Answer 24

place on the antibody where the antigen will bind

Question 25

epitope

Answer 25

part of the antigen where the antibody attaches

Question 26

leukocytes

Answer 26

WBC
produced in bone marrow
regulated by presence or absence of cytokines released during active infection

Question 27

cytokines

Answer 27

small proteins important for cell signaling
peptides that cannot cross lipid bilayer of cells to enter cytoplasm

secreted by cells in immune system which then go initiate change to a nearby cell
regulate immunity, inflammation. and hematopoiesis

Question 28

hematopoiesis vs erythropoeisis

Answer 28

hematopoiesis produces mature blood cells and platlets

erythropoeisis produces red blood cells

Question 29

Major Histocompatibility Complex proteins

Answer 29

MHC proteins are transcribed and translated independently from B cells and T cells

when a B cell or macrophage or dendritic cell engulfs and breaks down a foreign antigen –> they will send the fragments of the antigen to the MHC which is a cell surface protein that will serve as a location that T cells can recognize a foreign antigen is present and will then release cytokines to activate immune response

Question 30

retrovirus

Answer 30

single stranded RNA virus (ssRNA) that carries a reverse transcriptase

the ssRNA enters the host cell and through reverse transcriptase is changed into DNA which can be integrated into host cell DNA. then it can become mRNA and recognized by the cell without the host cell trying to destroy it

ex: HIV is a retrovirus

Question 31

complement system

Answer 31

a system that can act both dependently and independently of antibodies

there are a number of proteins in the blood that can act as a nonspecific defense against bacteria

can be activated through classical pathway which requires binding of an antibody to the pathogen

or

alternative pathway which does not require antibodies

punches holes in cells of bacteria to make them osmotically unstable

Question 32

interferons

Answer 32

proteins that prevent viral replication and dispersion making it harder for the virus to fully infect you

will cause nearby cells to decrease production of both viral and cellular proteins as well as increase MHC I and II to increase antigen recognition

Question 33

opsonization

Answer 33

when an antibody binds to a pathogen and recruits macrophages to come help it out also leukocytes