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Biology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

trabeculae

A

interconnected network of irregular fine bones

located in the cancellous (spongy) bone

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2
Q

red bone marrow

A

located in the empty space between trabeculae of spongy bone

site of hematopoiesis (red blood cell formation)

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3
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

located in hollow space (medullary capillary) of diaphysis

site of fat storage

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4
Q

epiphyses

A

rounded ends that have joint surfaces covered by articular cartilage

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5
Q

articular cartilage

A

provides smooth, lubricated surface for low friction articulation
covers ends of bones where they meet at the joints

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6
Q

diaphysis

A

hollow shaft (medullary capillary) filled with bone marrow

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7
Q

metaphyses

A

where epiphyses and diaphyses meet

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8
Q

periosteum

A

thin layer of connective tissue that covers and protects the long bone

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9
Q

subchondral bone

A

bone under cartiladge

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10
Q

cancellous bone

A

spongy bone

less dense, inner layer of bone that forms trabeculae

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11
Q

osteon

A

haversian system that contains blood vessels and nerves from haversian canal. system is made of lamellae (concentric rings of bone matrix)

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12
Q

lamellae

A

concentric rings of bone matrix

make up the haversian system/osteon

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13
Q

haversian canal

A

runs up and down
part of the haversian system
has blood vessels and nerves traversing it

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14
Q

volkmann canal

A

runs sideways between different haversian canals to deliver blood vessels and nerves

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15
Q

compact bone

A

osteons/haversian system

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16
Q

lacunae

A

space or gaps containing osteocytes

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17
Q

canaliculi

A 
small channel or duct
connects lacunae (gaps) which allow osteocyte waste exchange and nutrient delivery
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18
Q

chondrocytes

A

cells found in healthy cartilage

produce and maintain cartilaginous matrix, mainly comprised on collagen and proteoglycans

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19
Q

cartilage

A

connective tissue comprised on chondrocytes that secrete chondrin
lacks nerves and is avascular, receives nutrients and oxygen via diffusion from surrounding fluids or vascularized areas

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20
Q

chondrin

A

contains collagen fibers, proteoglycans, and wate

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21
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

reduces friction to allow joint movement and absorbs compressive forces
allows linear bone growth at epiphyseal plate during childhood
reinforces respiratory passageways
supports external nose

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22
Q

elastic cartilage

A

highly flexible, can withstand distortion without damage and will revert to original shape (external ear)

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23
Q

fibrous cartilage

A

limits movement
resists compression forces and stretch
prevents direct contact between bones

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24
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebral column, ribcage, and hyoid bone (used for swallowing)
provides basic central framework for body

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25
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the limbs (humorous, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges; femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges)
pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)
and pelvis

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26
Q

tendons

A

strong fibrous bands of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone

27
Q

ligaments

A

strong, fibrous bundles of connective fibers that hold bone to bone at joints

consist of synovial capsule which encloses the joint cavity

28
Q

osteoclasts

A

chew bone
release calcium
housed in the lacunae

reabsorb/breakdown calcium

29
Q

osteoblasts

A

build bone

store calcium and phosphate

30
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

peptide hormone released by parathyroid glands released when low calcium, cause bones to break down by use of osteoclasts
increases amount of calcium in the blood by reabsorbing from bone, increasing absorption into kidneys, and decreasing excretion
PTH increases resorption of phosphate from bone and reduces reabsorption into kidneys, so REDUCES phosphate levels through excretion

activates Vitamin D

31
Q

Vitamin D

A

fat soluble vitamin
causes reabsorption of bone to release calcium and phosphate
this encourages stronger bone growth

32
Q

calcitonin

A

released when too much calcium
causes bone to be built up and store calcium and phosphate inside
lowers blood calcium levels

33
Q

endochondral ossification

A

hardening of cartilage into bone

responsible for the formation of most of the long bones in the body

34
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

undifferentiated embryonic connective tissue (mesenchymal tissue) is transformed into, and replaced by, bone

35
Q

synovium

A

secretes synovial fluids that lubricates the movement of structures in the joint space

36
Q

flexor muscle

A

decreases angle across the joint

37
Q

extensor muscle

A

increases or straightens the angle across the joint

38
Q

abductor

A

moves part of the body away from the midline

39
Q

adductor

A

moves part of the body toward the midline

40
Q

medial rotator

A

rotates the axis of the limb towards the middle

41
Q

lateral rotator

A

rotates the axis away from the midline

42
Q

osteocyte

A

mature bone cells

43
Q

muscle tissue

A 
mesoderm
voluntary movement (skeletal), involuntary movement (cardiac and smooth)
44
Q

epithelial tissue

A

endo/eco/mesoderm
lines surfaces
functions as protection, absorption, filtration, and secretion

ex: skin, lining of hollow organs (digestive tract and trachea)

45
Q

connective tissue

A

mesoderm

Functions:
supports & protects
attachment of tissues
insulation and thermoregulation
transport
46
Q

Nervous tissue

A

ectoderm
transmission & receipt of electrical signals
response to internal and external stimuli

ex: brain, spinal cord, and nerves

47
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

striated (has sarcomeres)
bunched fibers, multinucleated

attaches to bone via tendons to helps generate movement
aids in circulation by squeezing
aids in heat production (shivering)

cells are electrically isolated
voluntary (somatic nervous sytem)

48
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

branched fibers
striated
1-2 nuclei

makes up heart walls & pumps blood through circulatory system
has gap junctions

involuntary (ANS)
myogenic

49
Q

myogenic

A

originating from muscle tissue

does not require stimulation from nerve cells; reacts spontaneously

ex: heart

50
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

bunched cells
not striated
1 nuclei

lines hollow visceral organs (stomach) & promotes movement of food
lines blood vessels and affects blood pressure

51
Q

what are composed on connective tissue?

A

blood, fat, tendons/ligaments, and cartilage

52
Q

blood

A

transports gases, cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes), nutrients, wastes, hormones
transported through blood vessels to the body

53
Q

adipose tissue

A

stores fat

provides cushioning for organs and insulation to prevent heat loss

54
Q

endoskeleton

A

consists of both living components (osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts) and non-living components (calcium phosphate)

forms an internal scaffold that protects soft tissue and serves as an attachment point for skeletal muscle

grows as the organism grows

55
Q

what germ layer creates the endoskeleton?

A

the mesoderm

56
Q

exoskeleton

A

consists only of nonliving components (chitin)

forms a hard outer covering that surrounds and protects soft tissue underneath

shed and regenerate as the organism grows

57
Q

What happens when calcium and phosphate mix?

A

form insoluble salt which will decrease free calcium in the blood

58
Q

what happens to cortical bone mass with too much osteoclast?

A

cortical bone mass is made of hydroxyapatite (stored calcium)
osteoclasts will reabsorb/breakdown bone to release calcium, decreasing mineralization, and decreasing cortical bone mass

59
Q

absorption

A

first time entering bloodstream

60
Q

reabsorption

A

second time entering the bloodstream

being returned back to the bloodstream, so we are keeping it

61
Q

what is the affect of PTH on phosphate levels?

A

very little because phosphate is absorbed into gut at the same amount as being excreted in kidneys

62
Q

calcitriol

A

activated form of Vitamin D

absorbs dietary calcium from small intestine
promotes bone reabsorption and release of calcium
increases calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion

63
Q

myogenic activity

A

smooth muscle and cardiac muscle can contract without nervous system input

contract in response to stretch or other stimuli

Biology (15 decks)

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