Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HUBS192 > Module 1: Skin > Flashcards

Module 1: Skin Flashcards

1
Q

How much percent of body is skin?

A

16%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Skin covers how much surface area?

A

1.5-2m^2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Functions of skin include

A

protection, excretion, thermoregulation, producing melanin and keratin, storing lipids, synthesising vitamin D and detecting aspects of touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Layers of the skin from outermost to innermost

A

epidermis, dermis and hypodermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Four layers of epidermis from outermost to innermost

A

stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

is the epidermis shed

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

is there circulation to the epidermis

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the epidermis can be described as a

A

keratinocyte conveyor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the protein fibres in the dermis are

A

collagen and elastin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

is the dermis shed

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

does the dermis nourish the epidermis

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the function of the hypodermis is

A

insulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the hypodermis is made from

A

adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

thick skin contains an extra layer of

A

epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

thick skin is found in places

A

like the palms of hands and soles of feet, places with no hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

a thin dermis leads to

A

sagging and wrinkling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sagging and wrinkling is due to a lack of

A

collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

as the skin ages there is a

A

slower skin repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

drier epidermis is due to

A

less sebum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

less pigmentation results in

A

pale skin and grey hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

accessory structures of skin include

A

hair, acne, sweat glands, receptors and nails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the structure of hair is

A

hair shaft, hair follicle, arrector pili muscle and sebaceous gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

increased acne risk is caused by

A

increased sebum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

function of nails

A

protect fingertips and enhance sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

melanin absorbs

A

UV light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the function of melanin absorbing UV light

A

protects cells against UV damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

where is melanin produced

A

melanocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

melanocytes are transferred to epidermal cells by

A

melanosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

a mole is

A

a cluster of melanocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

sun exposure can cause

A

over proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

freckles are caused by

A

melanocytes overproducing melanosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

overproduction of melanosomes is caused by

A

sun exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

melanocytes are only found in the

A

stratum basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

melanosomes are found in

A

epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

density of melanocytes varies throughout the ___ but not between ___

A

body; races

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Vitamin D is essential for

A

normal calcium metabolism and strong bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Vitamin D deficiency affects

A

bone strength and moods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what type of pigmented people are more susceptible to vitamin D deficiency

A

highly pigmented in extreme latitudes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What country has one of the highest rates of skin cancer in the world

A

NZ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Basal cell cacinoma originates in the

A

stratum basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

metastasis is rare in which skin disease

A

basal cell cacinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

malignant melanoma originates in the

A

melanocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

metastasis is highly common in which skin disease

A

malignant melanomma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Tattoo

A

artificial pigmentation deposited deep within the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

tattoos are in which layer of the skin

A

dermal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

immune cells can do what to pigment

A

capture it but not break it down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

types of tattoo include

A

trauma, decorative and cosmetic

48
Q

receptors of the skin are

A

free nerve endings, tactile discs, tactile corpuscles, lamella corpuscles and bulbous corpuscles

49
Q

the most common receptor in the skin is

A

free nerve endings

50
Q

structure of free nerve endings

A

mostly unmyleinated small diameter fibres but also some small diameter myelinated fibres which usually have small swellings at distal ends

51
Q

the small swellings on the distal ends of free nerve endings are called

A

sensory terminals

52
Q

function of sensory terminals

A

cation channels–> depolarization–> APs

53
Q

free nerve endings respond to

A

temperature, painful stimuli, some movement/ pressure/ itch.

54
Q

tactile discs are

A

free nerve endings located in deepest layer of epidermis

55
Q

tactile discs are associated with

A

large disc shaped epidermal (merkel) cells

56
Q

the communication between merkel cells and nerve ending is due to

A

serotonin (5HT)

57
Q

tactile discs are abundant where

A

fingertips and very small receptive fields

58
Q

tactile discs respond to

A

objects physical features ie. texture, shape and edges. fine touch and light pressure

59
Q

tactile corpuscles are located

A

in papillary layer of dermis

60
Q

tactile corpuscles are found mainly in

A

thick skin

61
Q

are tactile corpuscles encapsulated

A

yes

62
Q

tactile corpuscles sense

A

fine and discriminative touch, light pressure and low frequency vibration.

63
Q

lamellar corpuscles are scattered

A

deep in with dermis and hypodermis

64
Q

structure of lamellar corpuscles

A

single dendrite lying with concentric layers of collagen fibres and specialised fibroblasts

65
Q

collagen layers of lamella corpuscles are separated by

A

gelatinous interstitial fluid

66
Q

lamellar corpuscles are sensitive to

A

deep pressure

67
Q

bulbous corpuscles are also known as

A

ruffinis endings

68
Q

bulbous corpuscles are located in

A

dermis and subcutaneous tissue

69
Q

structure of bulbous corpuscles

A

network of nerve endings intertwined with a core of collagen fibres that are continuous with those of the surrounding dermis. capsule surrounds the entire structure,

70
Q

bulbous corpuscles are sensitive to

A

sustained deep pressure, stretching and distortion of skin

71
Q

bulbous corpuscles can be commonly found in

A

joint capsules

72
Q

a high density of bulbous corpuscles can be found

A

around fingertips

73
Q

why is there is a high density of bulbous corpuscles around fingertips

A

to allow for modulation of grip

74
Q

the sympathetic nervous system does what to smooth muscle to regulate temperature in skin

A

smooth muscle in walls of arteries and pre-capillary sphincters innervated by SNS

75
Q

noradrenaline acts on ___ on this vascular smooth muscle in the skin

A

alpha 1 adrenergic receptor

76
Q

noradrenaline acting on alpha 1 adrenergic allows

A

GPCRs coupled to the intercellular 2nd messengers

77
Q

GPCRs coupled to the intercellular 2nd messengers allows for

A

an increased intracellular Ca++ and therefore constriction of skin blood vessels.

78
Q

eccrine sweat glands are innervate

A

by the sympathetic nervous system

79
Q

sympathetic chollinergic

A

release ACh into mAChRs (GPCRs)

80
Q

some eccrine sweat glands can also be stimulate by ___ when nervous

A

adrenaline in blood acting on beta receptors

81
Q

when body temp increases a ___ on skin blood vessels results in ___

A

decrease SNS activation of alpha 1; vasodilation

82
Q

when body temp increase an ___ on sweat glands results in ___

A

increase SNS cholinergic activation of mAChRs; sweating

83
Q

what area of the hypothalamus contains heat and cold sensitive neurons

A

preoptic area

84
Q

heat and cold sensitive neurons are also known as

A

central thermoreceptors

85
Q

heat generating mechanisms include

A

shivering, non-shivering thermogenesis, increase in thyoxine

86
Q

method of shivering

A

increased tone skeletal muscle, when tone rises above critical level, shivering begins due to oscillatory contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles mediated by muscle spindles (stretch receptors)

87
Q

method of non-shivering thermogeneis

A

increase sympathetic nerve activity and increase circulating adrenaline/noradrenaline from adrenal medulla

88
Q

an example of increased cellular metabolism is

A

increased glycogenolysis in liver and muscle

89
Q

heat production instead of ATP occurs in what fat

A

brown

90
Q

heat production instead of ATP is the result of

A

uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation

91
Q

an increase in thyroxine is the result of

A

a response to TRH and TSH

92
Q

an increase in thyroxine increases

A

basal metabolic rate

93
Q

arrector pili muscles are

A

smooth muscle innervated by SNS alpha 1 receptors

94
Q

arrector pili muscles attach

A

hair follicle to upper dermis

95
Q

function of arrector pili muscle

A

contraction pulls hair upright and dimples skin ie. goosebumps and also compressesd sebaceous glands which lubricate skin

96
Q

first degree burns are

A

superficial and only involve the outer layers of epidermis

97
Q

first degree burns look

A

red, pink, dry and painful

98
Q

are there blisters in first degree burns

A

no

99
Q

how long do first degree burns take to heal

A

3-10 days

100
Q

second degree burns involve what layers of skin

A

epidermis and varying amounts of dermis

101
Q

second degree burns look

A

painful, moist, red and blistered

102
Q

how long do second degree burns take to heal

A

1-2 weeks

103
Q

third degree burns involve what tissue

A

full thickness ie. into the subcutaneous tissue and may involve muscle and bone.

104
Q

third degree burns look

A

varied in colour from waxy white through to deep red or black. hard dry and leathery

105
Q

are third degree burns painful

A

no, as these areas do not contain any working sensory nerve endings

106
Q

how long do third degree burns take to heal

A

weeks to regenerate plus scarring

107
Q

rule of 9s

A

helps us work out % of total body surface area involved.

108
Q

in an adult TBSA of head is

A

9%

109
Q

in an adult TBSA of upper limb is

A

9%

110
Q

in an adult TBSA of trunk is

A

36%

111
Q

in an adult TBSA of lower limb is

A

18%

112
Q

in an adult TBSA of genitalia is

A

1%

113
Q

in an child TBSA of head is

A

15%

114
Q

in an child TBSA of trunk is

A

32%

115
Q

in an child TBSA of upper limb is

A

9%

116
Q

in an child TBSA of lower limb is

A

17%

117
Q

in an child TBSA of genitalia is

A

1%

HUBS192 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions