Module 5: Renal/Urinary system Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
how much percent of males is water
A
60%
2
Q
how much percent of females is water
A
55%
3
Q
extracellular fluid makes how much of TBW
A
1/3
4
Q
intracellular fluid makes how much of TBW
A
2/3
5
Q
how much blood flows through the kidneys every minute
A
1200mL
6
Q
how much urine does a person produce daily
A
800-2000mL
7
Q
what is urine
A
waste product excreted to maintain balance within the body
8
Q
what makes up normal urine
A
water, salts, metabolites and small proteins
9
Q
what is found in abnormal urine
A
large proteins, RBCs, glucose
10
Q
main components of the urinary system are
A
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
11
Q
the structure of the kidney allows for
A
blood to be brought in close proximity to the nephron for filtering, allows blood to leave the kidney and a pathway for urine to be stored and excreted
12
Q
where are the kidneys located
A
between T12-L3 vertebrae
13
Q
what passes through the hilum
A
blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves and ureter
14
Q
what gland sits on top of the kidney
A
adrenal
15
Q
retroperitoneal means
A
located on posterior abdominal wall covered on anterior side by peritoneum
16
Q
three regions of the kidney
A
cortex, medulla and pelvis
17
Q
what is the protective layer of the kidney
A
fibrous capsule
18
Q
the inner medullar is divided
A
into pyramids and each pyramid ends in a papilla
19
Q
the outer cortex is
A
a continuous layer and contains renal columns
20
Q
how many lobes are in each kidney
A
5-11
21
Q
a kidney lobe contains
A
one pyramid and all the cortex that surrounds it
22
Q
kidney lobes are mainly made from
A
approx 1 million nephrons
23
Q
function of nephrons
A
filter blood and create urine
24
Q
urine travels–>
A
papilla–> minor calyx–> major calyx–> renal pelvis–> ureter
25
function of afferent arteriole in nephron
deliver blood from the arteries to the glomerulus
26
what is the glomerulus made of and what is it function
glomerular capillaries and is the site of filtration
27
function of efferent arteriole in nephron
carries blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries
28
function of peritubular capillaries
allow us to change our mind of what we want filtered and reabsorb stuff we want back in the blood which carry blood to veins
29
flow of blood from the cortex to be filtered
abdominal aorta--> renal artery--> series of arteries--> afferent arteriole--> glomerular capillary
30
flow of blood away from the cortex after being filtered
glomerular capillary--> efferent capillary--> peritubular capillaries--> series of veins--> renal vein--> inferior vena cava
31
nerve supply in kidneys
innervation is from a network of autonomic nerves and ganglia called the renal plexus
32
nephron is
microscopic functional unit of the kidney
33
renal corpuscle
where blood and nephron meet/ site of filtration
34
proximal convoluted tubule
close to renal corpuscle and wiggly
35
nephron loop
loop at bottom of nephron
36
distal convoluted tubule
further away from renal corpuscle and wiggly
37
collecting duct
runs down and papilla's connect to it
38
types of nephron
cortical and juxtamedullary
39
what nephron is the most abundent
cortical (85%)
40
where do cortical nephrons mainly lie
cortex
41
function of juxtamedullary nephron
extend deep into medulla and are important for the formation of concentrated urine
42
each nephron is comprised of
a glomerular capsule, renal tubules and a collecting duct
43
structure of glomerular capillaries
thin walled single layer of fenestrated endothelial cells
44
what are vasa recta and where are they found
extensions that follow nephron loop deep into the medulla only found within juxamedullary nephron
45
the renal corpuscle contains
glomerulus enclosed by the glomerular capsule and is where capillary and nephron meet and is the site of filtration
46
two layers of the glomerular capsule
outer parietal layer of simple squamous cells and inner visceral layer of podocytes
47
podocytes
surround the glomerular capillaries which have branches called pedicels
48
function of pedicels
filtration slits that filter blood
49
filtration barrier is also known as
the blood-urine barrier or glomerular capsular membrane
50
what does the blood-urine barrier allow free passage of
water and small molecules
51
what does the filtration barrier restrict passage of
proteins and RBCs
52
three layers of the filtration barrier from blood side to nephron side
fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary, fused basement membrane and filtration slits between the pedicels of the podocytes
53
urine=
filtered- reabsorbed + secreted
54
function of PCT
bulk reabsorption
55
structure of PCT
cuboidal epithelial, dense microvilli, highly folded basolateral mitochondria and leaky epithelium
56
function of nephron loop
length is important in production of dilute/ concentrated urine
57
structure of thick descending limb
like PCT
58
structure of thin descending limb
simple squamous epithelium
59
structure of thin ascending limb
simple squamous epithelium
60
structure of thick ascending limb
like DCT
61
function of DCT
fine tuning- not bulk reabsorption
62
structure of DCT
cuboidal epithelium but thinner than PCT, few microvilli, few mitochondria
63
reabsorption in DCT is regulated by
aldosterone
64
function of collecting duct
fine tuning- filtrate from several DCTs drain into one collecting duct
65
structure of collecting duct
wall of simple cuboidal epithelium, principal cells, intercalated cells
66
principal cells
reabsorption
67
intercalated cells
acid/base balance
68
reabsorption in collecting duct is regulated by
ADH and aldosterone
69
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
specialised zone in every nephron
70
where is the JGA located
where DCT lies against afferent arteriole
71
Macula densa cells
chemoreceptors detect sodium levels
72
juxtaglomerular cells
mechanoreceptors detect stretch therefore blood pressure
73
transitional epithelium
stratified, round cells which flatten when stretched
74
function of transitional epithelium
protection
75
how is urine moved into bladder
peristaltic waves
76
three layers of ureter from inner to outer
transitional epithelium, muscularis (inner longitudinal and outer circular), adventitia
77
transitional epithelium
found anywhere that needs extra protection
78
adventitia
outer covering of fibrous connective tissue
79
ureters can act as a ___ : compressed by ___ bladder pressure to prevent ___
sphincter; increased; backflow
80
function of bladder
collapsible muscular sac that stores and expels urine
81
ureters
carry urine from kidneys to bladder
82
bladder wall
contains muscle for expulsion of urine
83
rugae
folds that allow bladder to expand
84
trigone
triangular region between 2 openings of entry of ureters and 1 opening for urethra
85
urethra
carries urine out of bladder
86
description of empty bladder
pyramidal and lies within the pelvis
87
description of filling--> full bladder
becomes more spherical and expands superiorly
88
location of bladder in males
anterior to rectum and superior to prostate gland
89
location of bladder in females
anterior to vagina and uterus
90
thick smooth muscle layer in bladder
detrusor
91
urethra epithelium changes
transitional near bladder, columnar then stratified squamous near external opening
92
internal urethral sphincter
junction of bladder and urethra, involuntary
93
externa urethral sphincter
located where urethra passes through the urogenital diaphragm, voluntary control
94
urination
bladder fills with urine and expands, AP from stretch receptors to brain, signal increases with urgency, internal sphincter relaxes we need to consciously relax external sphincter
95
glucose in urine is a signal of
diabetes
96
protein in urine is a signal of
broken filtration barrier
97
blood in urine is a signal of
UTI
98
kidney failure/ disease
hyperkalaemia
99
what is the main buffer of the blood neutralising acids from metabolism
bicarbonate
100
how is bicarbonate concentration controlled
by the lungs exhaling CO2 and kidneys reabsorbing bicarbonate and secreting hydrogen ions
101
filtration in nephron
creates a plasma-like filtrate of blood
102
reabsorption in nephron
removes useful solutes from the filtrate and returns them back to the blood
103
secretion in nephron
adds additional wastes from the blood to the filtrate
104
four forces/ pressures determining net filtration pressure
glomerular hydrostatic pressure, blood colloid osmotic pressure, capsular hydrostatic pressure, capsular colloid osmotic pressure
105
favouring forces are
glomerular hydrostatic pressure, blood colloid osmotic pressure
106
opposing forces are
capsular hydrostatic pressure, capsular colloid osmotic pressure
107
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
blood pressure (+50mmHg)
108
blood colloid osmotic pressure
albumin (-25mmHg)
109
capsular hydrostatic pressure
corpuscle embedded in tissues (-15mmHg)
110
capsular colloid osmotic pressure
no protein in capsular space (0mmHg)
111
net filtration pressure
(10mmHg)
112
clearance of a substance
S
113
Clearance =
concentration of S in urine x volume of urine produced per unit time / concentration of S in plasma
114
Cs=
Us x V / Ps (mL/min)
115
GFR
glomerular filtration rate
116
GFR is
the amount of fluid filtered per unit time
117
Inulin
polysaccharide not metabolised by body-sugar--> not found in body but has to be injected
118
Creatinine
waste product produced by muscles already in body so most commonly used clinically
119
plasma creatinine is low if
both kidneys are working
120
plasma makes up how much of the ECF
1/5
121
interstitial fluid makes up how much of the ECF
4/5
122
tonicity is based on
the effect of the solution on cells
123
how much of sodium chloride foes back into blood
99%
124
how much sodium reabsorption occurs in the PCT
67%
125
how much sodium reabsorption occurs in the TAL
25%
126
how much sodium reabsorption occurs in the DCT
5%
127
how much sodium reabsorption occurs int he CD
3%
128
water is reabsorbed in the
thick descending limb
129
in a hypertonic solution cells
shrivel
130
in an isotonic solution cells
remain the normal shape
131
in a hypotonic solution cells
swell
132
hormone released from posterior pituitary
ADH
133
ADH synthesis
in cell body of central neurons (hypothalamus) , axonal transport to posterior pituitary
134
ADH release
in posterior pituitary and into bloodstream
135
major stimuli for release of ADH
increased ECF osmolarity and decreased blood volume
136
obligatory water reabsorption
not regulated, accounts for 92% of total water reabsorption
137
facultative water reabsorption
tight epithelia, only transcellular, regulated by ADH, accounts for 2-8% of total water reabsorption
138
diuresis
large amount of urine
139
antidiuresis
not a lot of urine produced
