Module 6: Reproduction Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
gonads
A
organs where gametes are produced
2
Q
gametes
A
sex cells
3
Q
testes produce
A
spermatozoa
4
Q
ovaries produce
A
oocytes
5
Q
pelvis is made up of
A
hip bones + sacrum + coccyx
6
Q
is the pelvic inlet or pelvic outlet open and bigger
A
inlet
7
Q
false/ greater pelvis
A
superior region, above pelvic inlet, contains GI tract
8
Q
true/ lesser pelvis
A
inferior region, between inlet and outlet, contains internal reproductive organs
9
Q
female pelvis is larger due to
A
allowing for space to fit a fetus and birth canal during pregnancy
10
Q
two muscles of the pelvic floor
A
levator ani and coccygeus
11
Q
openings in pelvic floor
A
urethra, anal canal and vagina in females
12
Q
anterior male triangular division
A
urogenital triangle- urethra opening and external genetalia
13
Q
posterior male triangular division
A
anal triangle- anal canal and fat
14
Q
function of male reproductive system
A
to produce spermatozoa and transport spermatozoa into female reproductive tract
15
Q
male reproductive system is made up of
A
testes, reproductive tract, accessory structures and glands
16
Q
path sperm travel along
A
testes–> epididymis–> ductus (vas) deferens–> ejaculatory duct–> urethra
17
Q
the scrotum contains
A
two testes, two epididymides, two spermatic cords with ductus deferens
18
Q
function of testes
A
to produce sperm, testosterone and inhibin
19
Q
location of testes
A
lie in scrotum outside the body
20
Q
structure of testes
A
surrounded by dense fibrous capsule
21
Q
seminiferous tubules are located
A
within the testes
22
Q
tubules join to form
A
rete testis
23
Q
interstitial endocrine (Leydig) cells produce
A
testosterone- outside tubules
24
Q
nurse (Sertoli) cells produce
A
inhibin- inside tubules
25
spermatogenic cells
spermatozoa at various stages of development
26
epididymis has three regions
head, body, tail
27
function of epididymis
site of sperm maturation
28
structure of ductus deferens
covered by smooth muscle and dilates to form the ampulla
29
Ejaculatory ducts are formed by
the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla
30
function of male urethra
urination and ejaculation
31
three sections of male urethra
prostatic, membranous and penile/ spongy
32
why are the testes house outside the body
ideal temp for sperm production is around 34 degrees
33
what muscle lines the scrotum
dartos
34
cremaster muscle
contracts for heat conservation and arousale
35
spermatic cord contains
ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics
36
3 regions to the penis from top to bottom
root (bulb), body and glans covered by prepuce/ foreskin
37
the penis contains three cylindrical erectile tissues
two corpus cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum
38
corpus cavernosa
main erectile tissue
39
corpus spongiosum
contains urethra
40
semen is made up of
spermatozoa and seminal fluid
41
seminal fluid is produced by three glands
seminal vesicle, prostate gland and bulbourethral gland
42
how much semen is produced by seminal vesicles
60%
43
how much semen is produced by prostate gland
30%
44
PSA
prostate-specific antigen
45
function of PSA
contributes to sperm activation, viability and motility
46
how much semen is produced by bulbourethral gland
5%
47
the last 5% of semen is made of what?
sperm
48
what is a vasectomy
surgical method of sterilisation in males, cut the ductus deferens
49
what affect does a vasectomy have on volume of seminal fluid
volume of seminal fluid stays the same, the sperm is just removed
50
gametogenesis
formation of the gametes
51
spermatogenesis
formation of spermatozoa from spermatogonia
52
oogenesis
formation of oocytes from oogonia
53
gametogenesis occurs through
meiosis and mitosis
54
meiosis I
2 haploid cells produced from 1 original diploid cell
55
meiosis II
each cell produced from meiosis I divides to produced 2 haploid cells
56
spermatogenesis occurs in
seminiferous tubules
57
spermatogenesis 1
spermatogonia divide by mitosis into 2 daughter cells, one spermatogonium (A) stays at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule
58
spermatogenesis 2
the second spermatogonia (B) differentiates into a primary spermatocyte which undergoes meiosis I, forms 2 secondary spermatocytes
59
spermatogenesis 3
these undergo meiosis II to form spermatids, these then differentiate into spermatozoa with heat, body and tail via spermiogenesis
60
Gonadotropin
hormone that acts on the gonads
61
GnRH
gonadotropin releasing hormone produced by hypothalamus
62
LH
luteinizing hormone (a gonadotropin) produced by the anterior pituitary
63
FSH
follicle stimulating hormone (a gonadotropin) produced by the anterior pituitary
64
function of testosterone
responsible for the male characteristics
65
negative feedback loop in males
LH stimulates production of testosterone, FSH and testosterone control spermatogenesis, FSH stimulate inhibin production, inhibin suppresses FSH and testosterone suppresses LH and GnRH
66
function of the female reproductive system
to produce oocytes, transport ova and sperm to the appropriate site for fertilisation and to provide a site for the developing embryo and fetus to grow.
67
the female perineum is located
in the region inferior to the pelvic floor and between upper region of the thighs
68
urogenital triangle in females contains
external genitalia= vulva
69
anal triangle in females contains
anus
70
mons pubis
in front of the pubic symphysis
71
labia
2 lip-like structures
72
major (labia majora)
larger and more lateral
73
minor (labia minora)
smaller and more medial
74
space between labia is called
vestibule
75
clitoris
complex erectile organ
76
clitoris contains
glans, body, crura (2), bulbs (2)
77
structures in the female reproductive tract
ovary, uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina
78
most lateral part of the uterine tube
infundibulum
79
mid portion of uterine tube
ampulla
80
most medial portion of uterine tube
isthmus
81
layers of the uterus from outermost to innermost
perimetrium, myometrium and endometrium
82
what is perimetrium made from
connective tissue
83
what is myometrium made from
smooth muscle (thickest layer)
84
what is endometrium made from
columnar epithelium, uterine glands and arteries
85
layers of the cervix from outermost to innermost
external os, cervical canal, internal os
86
function of the cervix
provides passage between uterine cavity and vagina and produces cervical mucus
87
blood supply to ovaries
ovarian artery
88
blood supply to uterus
uterine artery
89
blood supply to vagina
vaginal arteries
90
spiral arteries are
uterine arteries
91
the main site of blood loss during periods are
the spiral arteries
92
the outer cortex of the ovary contains
follicles
93
the inner medulla of the ovary contains
connective tissue, blood/ lymphatic vessels and nerves
94
the ligaments of the female reproductive system are
broad ligament, ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament and round ligament
95
function of peritoneum
fold and press over structures to create other ligaments
96
mesometrium means
of the womb
97
mesosalpinx means
of the tube
98
mesovarium means
of the ovary
99
vesicouterine pouch
continuous fold of broad ligament (visceral peritoneum) over anteriorly located bladder
100
rectouterine pouch
continuous fold of broad ligament (visceral peritoneum) over posteriorly located rectum
101
function of breasts
nourish infants
102
what hormones stimulate development of breast tissue
estradiol and progesterone
103
structures of the breasts
lobes--> lobules--> alveoli--> lactiferous ducts--> lactiferous sinuses
104
where do oocytes develop
within ovarian follicles (1 oocyte per follicle)
105
oogenesis- before birth
oogonium in gonad, population increase by mitosis (stop before birth). Oogonia differentiate to form primary oocytes which then start meiosis which halts at prophase one until puberty
106
primary oocytes are in encased in what
primordial follicle
107
oogenesis- from menarche till menopause
under GnRH influence small number of follicles are recruited for ovarian/menstrual cycle. only one oocyte completes development within dominant follicle. this completes meiosis I forming a secondary oocyte and 1st polar body. this then starts meiosis II and halts at metaphase II until fertilisation
108
most primary oocytes undergo what
atresia
109
atresia is
the process of degradation
110
follicles are multi layered
granulosa cells and theca cells
111
granulosa cells produce
estradiol
112
ovulation
oocyte and corona radiata released into peritoneal cavity
113
GnRH (hypothalamus)
release of FSH and LH
114
FSH (anterior pituitary)
stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles
115
LH (anterior pituitary)
surge of LH involved in ovulation, formation of corpus luteum
116
Estradiol (developing follicles)
assists follicle growth with FSH and female characteristics
117
Inhibin (granulosa cells)
negative feedback to anterior pituitary to suppress FSH
118
Progesterone (corpus luteum)
negatively feeds back to suppress GnRH (therefore LH and FSH), maintains pregnant state
119
ovarian/ menstrual cycles
the regular cyclic changes in the ovary and uterus that prepare an oocyte/ ova for fertilisation and the endometrium for embryo implantation
120
follicular phase (preovulatory phase) happens within
days 1-14
121
luteal phase (postovulatory phase) happens within
days 15-28
122
follicular phase
- increased FSH from the anterior pituitary
- stimulates follicular growth
- growing follicles secrete estradiol and inhibin
- reduced FSH from anterior pituitary
- growing follicles undergo atresia except dominant follicle
- dominant follicle secretes large amounts of estradiol
- high estradiol stimulates surge of LH
- follicle ruptures and ovulation occurs
- oocyte enters peritoneal space/collected into uterine tube
123
luteal phase
- ovulated follicle collapses and forms corpus luteum
- secretes progesterone, estradiol and inhibin
- these decrease FSH and LH secretion
- negative feedback on hypothalamus
- if fertilisation and implantation does not occur the corpus luteum involutes
- fall in progesterone and estradiol
- removes negative feedback on FSH and LH
124
menstrual and proliferative phase happens
days 1-14
125
secretory phase happens
days 15-28
126
menstrual and proliferative phase
- endometrium breaks down and bleeds during menstruation
- estradiol stimulates endometrial growth from days 6-14
- rapid tissue growth inclduing growth of glands and vasculature
127
secretory phase
- after ovulation corpus luteum secretes progesterone
- progesterone promotes endometrial maturation
- glands become secretory
- spiral arterioles grow and coil
128
secretory phase back to menstrual phase
if fertilisation and implantation do not occur;
- corpus luteum artophies.
- progesterone levels fall
- spiral arteries contract
- endometrial tissue breaks down and bleeding occurs
- shed tissue and blood removed via cervix and vagina
129
coitus
sexual intercourse
130
process of coitus
semen released into upper part of vagina so that sperm can travel to appropriate site for fertilisation
131
stages of the male sexual act
erection of the penis (parasympathetic), mucus secretion into urethra, ejaculation and resolution
132
stages of ejaculation
emission and expulsion
133
nerve supply of the penis
richly supplied by sensory and motor nerves
134
pudendal nerve supplies
sensory and somatic motor innervation to perineum and external genitalia including penis
135
parasympathetic (erection)
stimulates production of Nitric oxide (vasodilator) by deep arteries of the penis
136
sympathetic (ejaculation)
stimulates contraction of smooth muscle
137
somatic motor (ejaculation)
stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles around bulb of penis
138
erection
-parasympathetic response to stimuli allows arteries to dilate , erectile tissue becomes engorged with blood
139
intromission
erect penis entering vagina
140
emission
sympathetic response of smooth muscle and ductus deferens contracting to move sperm into ampulla allowing it to be moved with seminal fluid into urethra
141
expulsion
semen in urethra activates somatic sympathetic reflexes and the urethral smooth muscle and pelvic floor contracts so semen is ejected
142
resolution
blood flow to penis is reduced and penis becomes flaccid
143
stages of the female sexual act
are similar to males as the clitoris gets engorged with blood in response to stimuli, lubricating fluid is secreted, the vagina becomes wider and longer and the vaginal, uterine and perineal muscles contract
144
insemination
semen released into upper part of vagina
145
ampulla
site of fertilization
146
contraception
any method to prevent pregnancy
147
natural methods include
periodic abstinence (rhythm method), withdrawal method (coitus interruptus) and lactational infertility
148
artificial methods include
barrier, hormonal, intrauterine devices and sterilisation
149
which contraception method has highest failure rate
natural methods
150
barrier methods include
caps, diaphragms and condoms
151
hormonal methods include
combined oral contraceptive pills, progestin-only contraception (implants and IUDs)
152
IUD methods include
copper IUD and hormonal IUD
153
sterilisation involves
tubal ligation (females) and vasectomy (males)
154
the only contraceptive that prevents STIs is
condoms
155
what is the copper IUD toxic to
oocyte and zygote
