Module 3: Respiratory system Flashcards
1
Q
What is the role of the respiratory system?
A
Connected organs and structures that function to conduct warm, clean, moist air into close proximity with blood of the circulatory system for gas exchange.
2
Q
To be effective the respiratory system needs…
A
- surface for gas exchange.
- a path for air to flow.
- ability to draw breath in and out.
- produce sound and olfaction.
3
Q
URT stands for…
A
upper respiratory tract
4
Q
LRT stands for…
A
lower respiratory tract
5
Q
main components of the respiratory system are…
A
URT, LRT, thoracic cavity and respiratory muscles
6
Q
Function of nasal cavity…
A
olfaction
7
Q
function of oral cavity…
A
passage for air and food
8
Q
function of conduction region…
A
nasal cavity to bronchioles, also ensure air is warm, clean and moist
9
Q
function of respiratory region…
A
alveoli and sites of gas exchange
10
Q
epithelial of where air and food travel
A
stratified epithelium
11
Q
epithelial of site of gas exchange
A
simple squamous
12
Q
respiratory epithelium is…
A
psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
13
Q
goblet cells produce…
A
mucus
14
Q
function of mucus
A
traps debris and moistens air
15
Q
ciliated cells…
A
move in a pattern to push mucus towards pharaynx.
16
Q
components of URT
A
nose/nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
pharynx
17
Q
functions of URT
A
conducting passage
prepares air for gas exchange
olfaction
paranasale sinuses
18
Q
three projections of the conchae from top to bottom
A
superior, middle, inferior conchae
19
Q
epithelium of conchae
A
respiratory
20
Q
the epithelium of the nasal mucosa sits on
A
lamina propria
21
Q
functions of the paranasal sinuses
A
lighten skull
increased surface area
sound resonance
22
Q
three regions of the pharynx
A
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
23
Q
nasopharynx carries
A
air
24
Q
oropharynx carries
A
air and food
25
laryngopharynx carries
air and food
26
epithelium of oropharynx
stratified squamous epithelium
27
epithelium of laryngopharynx
stratified squamous epithelium
28
laryngopharynx starts and ends
beginning of esophagus to digestive tract
29
oropharynx starts and ends
soft palate to hyoid bone
30
nasopharynx starts and ends
posterior nares to soft palate
31
components of LRT
```
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
```
32
functions of the LRT
conduct air to/from site of gas exchange
completes cleaning/warming/humidifying of air
provides a barrier between air and blood
33
larynx is a passageway for
air only
34
larynx starts and ends
hyoid bone to trachea
35
glottis is
voice box
36
trachea starts and ends
larynx and primary bronchi
37
function of trachea
maintain patent airway
38
function of mucocilary escalator
removes debris to the pharynx
39
how many lobes in right lung?
3
40
how many lobes in left lung
2
41
what is the hilum
where bronchi and blood vessels enter
42
epithelium of trachea
respiratory epithelium
43
epithelium of primary bronchi
respiratory epithelium
44
epithelium of secondary and tertiary bronchi
respiratory and reduce in height and goblet cells
45
epithelium of bronchioles
cuboidal
46
epithelial of type 1 pneumocytes
squamous
47
epithelial of type 2 pneumocytes
cuboidal
48
function of type 1 pneumocytes
forms the respiratory membrane/blood-air barrier with capillary wall and shared basement membrane
49
function of type 2 pneumocytes
secrete surfactant that reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid
50
function of macrophage
remove debris that makes it to alveoli
51
visceral layer of secretory tissue is on the
organ
52
parietal layer of secretory tissue is on the
body
53
thoracic cavity contains
pericardium and pleura
54
abdominopelvic cavity contrains
peritoneum
55
the thoracic cavity is protected by
the thoracic cage
56
mediastinum contains
heart, vessels and pericardium
57
pleural cavity contains
lungs
58
anterior boundary of thoracic cavity
sternum
59
posterior boundary of thoracic cavity
thoracic vertebrae
60
lateral boundary of thoracic cavity
Ribs
61
superior boundary of thoracic cavity
base of neck
62
inferior boundary of thoracic cavity
diaphragm
63
layers of thoracic cavity from outermost to innermost
parietal pleura, pleural cavity, visceral pleura
64
pressure is ____ to volume
inversely proportional
65
Boyle's Law
P=1/V
66
Smaller space=
more collisions
67
larger space=
less collisions
68
air moves from
higher pressures to lower pressures
69
pressure gradient between breaths
pressure inside cavity= pressure outside cavity
70
increased volume
air flows in
71
decreased volume
air flows out
72
sternocostal joints are
in between sternum and ribs
73
costochondral joints are
in between ribs and cartilage
74
interchondral joints are
in between cartilage
75
the diaphragm is ___ when relaxed
dome shaped
76
the diaphragm is ___ when contracted
flattened
77
contraction has what affect on thoracic cavity
expansion
78
contractions has what affect on abdominopelvic cavity
compression
79
function of accessory muscles
increase cavity volume for forced inspiration
| decrease cavity volume for forced expiration
80
expiration is a ____ process
passive
81
Liquids are usually quantified in terms of
volume
82
gases are usually quantified in terms of
pressure
83
Resistance to blood flow equation
R= 1/ R^4
84
A spirometer measures
volume inspired/expired
85
Tidal Volume
VT- volume of air moved in and out during normal quiet breath
86
inspiratory reserve volume
IRV- extra volume that can be inspired with maximal inhalation
87
Expiratory reserve volume
ERV- extra volume that can be exhaled with maximal effort
88
residual volume
remaining volume in lungs after maximal exhalation
89
minimal volume
volume remaining in lungs if they collapse
90
vital capacity=
inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve + tidal volume
91
total lung capacity=
vital capacity + residual volume
92
inspiratory capacity=
inspiratory reservve + tidal volume
93
functional residual capacity=
expiratory reserve + residual volume
94
vital capacity is
volume of air you can shift in and out of your lungs
95
total lung capacity is
total volume in lungs when you've filled them to max
96
inspiratory capacity is
total volume of air you can inspire from rest
97
functional residual capacity is
volume remaining in lungs after normal exhalation
98
forced expiratory volume in one second=
FEV1
99
obstructive means
resistance to air flow ie. asthma
100
restrictive means
reduced lung capacity ie. reduced lung compliance
101
Respiratory minute volume (VE)=
tidal volume (VT) x Respiratory rate (f)
102
Alveolar ventilation (VA)=
(tidal volume (VT)- dead space (VD)) x respiratory rate (f)
103
oxygen moves from
alveoli to capillaries
104
carbon dioxide moves from
capillaries to alveoli
105
what determines the rate of diffusion
surface area of the membranes
thickness of the membranes
pressure differences between the two sides
106
Emphysema is
a disease characterised by dilation of the alveolar spaces and destruction of the alveolar walls
107
Pulmonary fibrosis is
thickening and scarring of the alveolar membranes
108
oxygen is carried into the blood in which two forms
1. dissolved O2
| 2. bound to haemoglobin in RBCs
109
What element is used to bind oxygen to haemoglobin
Fe2+
110
Haemoglobin can bind ____ oxygen molecules
four
111
Relationship of haem to oxygen binding is
sigmoidal
112
a sigmoidal relationship is shown due to
cooperative binding of oxygen molecules
113
cooperative binding is
when the binding of one oxygen molecules allows for more to bind more rapidly
114
higher temperature ____ oxygen affinity
reduces
115
lower pH ____ oxygen affinity
increases
116
CO2 can be transported in 3 forms
1. dissolved in plasma
2. bound to haemoglobin
3. converted to bicarbonate
117
baroreceptors are
blood pressure sensors
118
chemoreceptors
control CO2 balance
119
If arterial blood pressure decreases
air flow increases, i
120
if arterial blood pressure increases
air flow decreases
