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Physiology for Pharmacy > Auditory System > Flashcards

Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

what is sound?

A

waves of compressed and expanded air, usually in the form of vibrations

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2
Q

loudness is determined by

A

magnitude of pressure differences (wave amplitude)

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3
Q

pitch is determined by

A

speed at which pressure changes (wave frequency)

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4
Q

air molecules get ___ at higher pressure areas of the ear

A

compressed

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5
Q

what is the approximate sound range for humans?

A

2-20000Hz

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6
Q

humans can detect sound of ___ frequency ranges

A

4

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7
Q

what is the function the outer and middle ear?

A

amplify sound

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8
Q

what is the external structure of the ear called? what is its function?

A

Pinna; funnelling sound onto tympanic membrane

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9
Q

what is the function of the external auditory canal?

A

funnel sound onto tympanic membrane

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10
Q

when sound reaches the tympanic membrane, what happens to it?

A

starts to vibrate

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11
Q

vibration of the tympanic membrane causes the movement of __

A

auditory ossicles

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12
Q

what are the middle ear bones (auditory ossicles? )

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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13
Q

what separates the outer from middle eat

A

the tympanic membrane

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14
Q

the movement of the ossicles causes amplification of sound so that when it reaches the oval window, it is __X louder than it was at the tympanic membrane

A

20

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15
Q

what causes the amplification of sound by the ossicles?

A

their leverage

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16
Q

tympanic vibrations are very dependent of __balance between middle and outer ear

A

pressure

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17
Q

how can pressure balance be restored when in a plane and the pressure in the middle ear is too high?

A

swallowing, because of the Eustachian tube that connects the throat to the middle ear will relive the pressure

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18
Q

vibrations of the oval window cause pressure waves of ___ in the ___ to the__ and onto the ___

A

perilymph in the scala vestibuli; scale tympani; round window

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19
Q

pressure waves deform the walls of the __ and cause pressure waves in the ___, which falls the ___ duct

A

scala vestibuli, endolymph, cochlear

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20
Q

pressure waves in the endolymph lead to vibrations of the ___ membrane, and different parts may move depending on __

A

basilar; sound pitch (frequency of waves)

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21
Q

what is the cochlea?

A

complex set of fluid-filled ducts

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22
Q

what are the 2 labyrinths of the cochlea?

A

bony and membranous

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23
Q

what fluid is contained in the bony labyrinth?

A

perilymph

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24
Q

what fluid is contained in the membranous labyrinth?

A

endolymph

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25
Q

the endolymph is rich in what ion?

A

K+

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26
Q

the two membranes that separate the 2 labyrinths are

A

vestibular and basilar membrane

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27
Q

what are the 2 ducts of the bony labyrinth?

A
  1. scala vestiboli

2. scala tympani

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28
Q

what is the 1 duct of the membranous labyrinth?

A
  1. cochlear duct
29
Q

vibration of the basilar membrane causes bending of __

A

stereocillia

30
Q

stereocillia contain ___ gated ion channels connected __

A

mechanically; tip-link proteins

31
Q

t/f bending of stereocillia can either open or close mechanically gate ion channels

A

true

32
Q

when mechanically gated ion channels are opened, ___ rushes in, causing __

A

K+; depolarization

33
Q

membrane depolarization causes the influx of __ ions and graded release of __

A

ca2+ ; NT glutamate

34
Q

release of glutamate depolarizes the ___ which causes __

A

primary sensory neuron; action potential

35
Q

hair cells pert rude into the __

A

endolymph

36
Q

resisting on the basilar membrane is the ___ which contains inner ___ cells that act as ___

A

organ of corti; hair; sensory receptors

37
Q

the stereocillia of hair cells are embedded in the ___

A

tectorial membrane

38
Q

hair cells are contacted by the dendrites of ___ neurons

A

primary sensory neurons

39
Q

___ determines which hair cells depolarize

A

sound pitch

40
Q

high-pitch sounds activate hair cells at the __ of the cochlea

A

base

41
Q

low-pitch sound activate hair cells at the __ of the cochlea

A

apex

42
Q

___ determines the amount of hair cell depolarization, glutamate release and action potential frequency of first order auditory neutron

A

sound amplitude (loudness)

43
Q

auditory pathways are __

A

polyneuronal

44
Q

auditory pathways have relays in the ___, ___ and ___ before termination in the ___

A

brainstem (cochlea nuclei, inferior livery nucleus), midbrain (interior colliculus) and thalamus (medial geniculate nucleus), primary auditory cortex

45
Q

the inferior olivary nucleus is important to ___

A

sound localization

46
Q

the inferior olivary nucleus detects timing changes in ___ arriving at the 2 ears

A

action potential

47
Q

the primary auditory cortex is located in the __ lobe

A

temporal

48
Q

the primary auditory cortex is responsible for __

A

conscious awareness of sound

49
Q

information from the base and apex of the cochlea reaches ___ sides of the auditory cortex (___ organization)

A

opposite ; topographical

50
Q

higher order sound processing is done in the

A

auditory association area

51
Q

sounds from the base of the cochlea go to the __ part of the auditory cortex

A

medial

52
Q

sounds from the apex of the cochlea go to the __ part of the auditory cortex

A

lateral

53
Q

the vestibular apparatus is part of the __

A

labyrinth

54
Q

what is the vestibular apparatus?

A

series of fluid-filled tubes in the inner ear (sometimes groups with cochlea as part of labyrinth)

55
Q

what are the 2 main components of the vestibular apparatus?

A
  1. semicircular canals

2. otolith organs

56
Q

what is the fluid the vestibular apparatus?

A

same endolymph as cochlea

57
Q

what are the 2 otolith organs?

A

utricle and the saccule

58
Q

what is the function of the vestibular apparatus?

A

detection of rotational and linear accelerations of the head

59
Q

what is the function of the semicircular canals?

A

detect rotational acceleration along 3 perpendicular axes

60
Q

semicircular canals have hair cells in the ___ and stereocillia in the __

A

ampullae; cupula

61
Q

what are the cupola of the semicircular canals?

A

gelatinous mass

62
Q

what are the ampullae of the semicircular canals?

A

bulges

63
Q

what happens in the inner ear when the head rotates?

A
  1. endolymph puts pressure on cupola, bending stereocillia, cation channels are opened or closed depending on direction of rotation, hair cells are either de- or hyper polarized, increase or decrease in NT and frequency of AP
64
Q

the otolith organs detect ___

A

horizontal accelerations of head in horizontal or vertical directions

65
Q

the utricle responds to accelerations in the __ plane

A

horizontal

66
Q

the saccule responds to accelerations in the ___ plane

A

vertical

67
Q

sterecillia of hair cells in the utricle and saccule are ensheathed in a ___ substance containing ___

A

gelatinous (otolith membrane) ; otoliths

68
Q

otoliths respond to ___ force and cause ___ of hair cells cilia

A

gravitational

Physiology for Pharmacy (39 decks)

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