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MMI 133 > Innate Immune System > Flashcards

Innate Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 things that the body’s immune system defends against

A

Pathogens, cancers, and organ transplants

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2
Q

What are the 4 functions of the immune system?

A
  • Keep microorganisms out
  • Combat/remove microorganisms inside
  • Fight cancer
  • Distinguish self and non-self
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3
Q

What are the 3 components of the first line of defense?

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous membrane & secretions
  • Normal flora
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4
Q

The skin provides a ____ barrier

A

physical

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5
Q

The goblet cells secrete ____ which protects the underlying cells by trapping ____

A

mucus, microbes

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6
Q

The system of mechanical removal of flushing mucus is called:

A

Ciliary escalator

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7
Q

Describe the ciliary escalator

A

Ciliated cells in the respiratory tract move microbes from tract to mouth/nose to be coughed/sneezed

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8
Q

____ cells produce mucus

A

Goblet

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9
Q

The function of flushing of mucus/other secretions is:

A

To prevent pathogen binding to host cells

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10
Q

Tears and saliva contain:

A

Lysozyme

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11
Q

Where does crevicular fluid flow?

A

Gingival crevice between teeth

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12
Q

Gastric juice has a pH of -

A

1-2

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13
Q

Urine/vaginal secretions help with ____ action

A

flushing

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14
Q

Why is normal flora helpful for fighting against pathogens?

A

They provide compeitition for space and nutrients

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15
Q

What flora can be found in the mouth?

A

Alpha streptococci lactobacillus spp.

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16
Q

What flora can be found in the skin?

A

Staphylococcus epidermis candida albicans

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17
Q

What 2 flora can be found in the lower GI?

A

Bacteroides spp. escheria coli, and lactobacillus spp.

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18
Q

What are the 4 components of the second line of defense?

A
  • Innate immune cells
  • Inflammation
  • Complement system,
  • Antimicrobial substances
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19
Q

What are the 6 types of WBC that directly destruction of pathogens?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Mast cells
  • Basophils
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
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20
Q

What type of WBC destroys the infected host cell?

A

Natural killer cells (NK)

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21
Q

How do neutrophils destroy pathogens?

A

Phagocytosis

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22
Q

What are the DNA traps that neutrophils form when they die?

A

NETs

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23
Q

Neutrophils are ____ moving and have a ___ life span

A

fast, short

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24
Q

Eosinophils defend against ____ infection

A

parasitic

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25
Q

Mast cells have a receptor for:

A

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

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26
Q

Once mast cells are activated, they release:

A

Histamine

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27
Q

Which type of WBC has an important role in allergic reactions?

A

Mast cell

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28
Q

Basophils are similar to mast cells because:

A

They release histamine from granules

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29
Q

Monocytes in the blood turn into ____ once in contact with bacteria or other pathogens

A

macrophages

30
Q

Macrophages act as ____ presenting cells

A

antigen

31
Q

Macrophages phagocytize:

A

Pathogens and dead neutrophils

32
Q

NK cells are lymphocytes without:

A

Immunological memory

33
Q

NK cells defend against _____ pathogens

A

intracellular (ie. viral, cancer, etc.)

34
Q

NK cells ___ and ____ cells that are not self

A

detect, kill

35
Q

Infected cells have a foreign ____ in MHC I whereas healthy cells have a self ____ in MHC I

A

peptide, protein

36
Q

Leukocyte granules contain ____ and ____ to break down pathogens and stimulate other immune cells

A

chemicals, enzymes

37
Q

What are the 2 type of leukocyte granules?

A

Lytic & secretory

38
Q

Lytic granules contain ____ enzymes to break down pathogens

A

digestive

39
Q

Secretory granules kill pathogens that are:

A

Too big to eat (ie. parasite)

40
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Small proteins that change or communicate with other cells

41
Q

What are the 2 types of cytokines?

A

Chemokines and interleukins

42
Q

What is the function of chemokines?

A

Attract other immune cells to infection site

43
Q

What is the function of interleukins?

A

Alter functions of other immune cells

44
Q

What is inflammation?

A

A localized tissue response to infection/injury

45
Q

What does the acronym SHARP?

A 
Swelling
Heat
Altered function
Redness
Pain
46
Q

Sore throats are swollen ____ ____

A

lymph nodes

47
Q

What is pus?

A

A mixture of dead cells, neutrophils and body fluid

48
Q

What is abscess?

A

An accumlation pus

49
Q

What is the complement (C) system?

A

A group of serum porteins produced by liver in circulation to defend against pathogens

50
Q

What are the 3 pathways in the C system?

A

Classical, alternative, lectin

51
Q

What triggers the classical pathway?

A

Antibody-antigen (immune) complex

52
Q

What triggers the alternative pathway?

A

Lipid-carbohydrates (LPS)

53
Q

What is C3b responsible for?

A

Opsonization

54
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Coating the bacteria to enhance phagocytosis

55
Q

What are C3a & C5a?

A

Anaphylatoxins

56
Q

Anaphylatoxins mediate ____

A

inflammation (histamine release)

57
Q

C5a is a ____ which recruits phagocytes

A

chemoattractant

58
Q

What do C5b-C9 form?

A

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

59
Q

What is MAC?

A

A pore structure that allows water to move & osmotically kill the cell

60
Q

What triggers the lectin pathway?

A

Mannose

61
Q

What are the 3 other antimicrobial substances discussed in class?

A

Interferons (IFNs), antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) & acute phase proteins (CRP)

62
Q

What produces IFNs?

A

Virally activated cells

63
Q

IFNs defend against:

A

Viruses

64
Q

AMP production is triggered by:

A

Activation of TLR

65
Q

AMPs are ____ spectrum

A

broad

66
Q

An example of an acute phase protein is:

A

C-reactive protein (CRP)

67
Q

Where is CRP produced?

A

In the liver during infections

68
Q

What does CRP do?

A

Marks bacteria for opsonization

69
Q

What is an example of a pattern recognition receptors (PRR)?

A

Toll Like Receptors (TLR)

70
Q

What does TLR do?

A

Recognize different molecules from pathogens

71
Q

Triggering TLRs lead to:

A

Chemokine release, proinflammatory cytokine release, and increased microbiocidal activity

MMI 133 (26 decks)

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